# ==================== 基本容器轉(zhuǎn)換 ====================

# 1. 列表與其他容器的轉(zhuǎn)換
original_list = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]  # 包含重復(fù)元素

# 列表 -> 元組
list_to_tuple = tuple(original_list)
print(f"列表轉(zhuǎn)元組: {original_list} -> {list_to_tuple}")
print(f"類型: {type(list_to_tuple)}")

# 列表 -> 集合（自動去重）
list_to_set = set(original_list)
print(f"列表轉(zhuǎn)集合: {original_list} -> {list_to_set}")
print(f"類型: {type(list_to_set)}")

# 列表 -> 凍結(jié)集合
list_to_frozenset = frozenset(original_list)
print(f"列表轉(zhuǎn)凍結(jié)集合: {original_list} -> {list_to_frozenset}")
print(f"類型: {type(list_to_frozenset)}")

print("\n" + "="*50 + "\n")

# 2. 元組與其他容器的轉(zhuǎn)換
original_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 2, 1)

# 元組 -> 列表
tuple_to_list = list(original_tuple)
print(f"元組轉(zhuǎn)列表: {original_tuple} -> {tuple_to_list}")

# 元組 -> 集合
tuple_to_set = set(original_tuple)
print(f"元組轉(zhuǎn)集合: {original_tuple} -> {tuple_to_set}")

# 元組 -> 凍結(jié)集合
tuple_to_frozenset = frozenset(original_tuple)
print(f"元組轉(zhuǎn)凍結(jié)集合: {original_tuple} -> {tuple_to_frozenset}")

print("\n" + "="*50 + "\n")

# 3. 集合與其他容器的轉(zhuǎn)換
original_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# 集合 -> 列表（無序，可能順序不同）
set_to_list = list(original_set)
print(f"集合轉(zhuǎn)列表: {original_set} -> {set_to_list}")

# 集合 -> 元組
set_to_tuple = tuple(original_set)
print(f"集合轉(zhuǎn)元組: {original_set} -> {set_to_tuple}")

# 集合 -> 凍結(jié)集合
set_to_frozenset = frozenset(original_set)
print(f"集合轉(zhuǎn)凍結(jié)集合: {original_set} -> {set_to_frozenset}")

print("\n" + "="*50 + "\n")

# 4. 字符串與容器的轉(zhuǎn)換
text = "hello world"

# 字符串 -> 列表（字符列表）
str_to_list = list(text)
print(f"字符串轉(zhuǎn)列表: '{text}' -> {str_to_list}")

# 字符串 -> 元組
str_to_tuple = tuple(text)
print(f"字符串轉(zhuǎn)元組: '{text}' -> {str_to_tuple}")

# 字符串 -> 集合（唯一字符）
str_to_set = set(text)
print(f"字符串轉(zhuǎn)集合: '{text}' -> {str_to_set}")

# 列表 -> 字符串（join方法）
list_to_str = ''.join(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'])
print(f"字符列表轉(zhuǎn)字符串: {['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']} -> '{list_to_str}'")

# 單詞列表轉(zhuǎn)字符串
words = ['hello', 'world', 'python']
words_to_str = ' '.join(words)
print(f"單詞列表轉(zhuǎn)字符串: {words} -> '{words_to_str}'")

print("\n" + "="*50 + "\n")

# 5. 字典與其他容器的轉(zhuǎn)換
original_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

# 字典 -> 列表（只保留鍵）
dict_keys_to_list = list(original_dict)
print(f"字典轉(zhuǎn)列表（鍵）: {original_dict} -> {dict_keys_to_list}")

# 字典 -> 列表（鍵列表）
dict_keys_list = list(original_dict.keys())
print(f"字典鍵轉(zhuǎn)列表: {original_dict} -> {dict_keys_list}")

# 字典 -> 列表（值列表）
dict_values_list = list(original_dict.values())
print(f"字典值轉(zhuǎn)列表: {original_dict} -> {dict_values_list}")

# 字典 -> 列表（鍵值對列表）
dict_items_list = list(original_dict.items())
print(f"字典項轉(zhuǎn)列表: {original_dict} -> {dict_items_list}")

# 字典 -> 元組（鍵的元組）
dict_keys_tuple = tuple(original_dict)
print(f"字典鍵轉(zhuǎn)元組: {original_dict} -> {dict_keys_tuple}")

# 字典 -> 集合（鍵的集合）
dict_keys_set = set(original_dict)
print(f"字典鍵轉(zhuǎn)集合: {original_dict} -> {dict_keys_set}")

print("\n" + "="*50 + "\n")

# 6. 列表/元組 -> 字典（特殊轉(zhuǎn)換）
# 使用zip將兩個列表轉(zhuǎn)換為字典
keys = ['a', 'b', 'c']
values = [1, 2, 3]
list_to_dict = dict(zip(keys, values))
print(f"兩個列表轉(zhuǎn)字典: keys={keys}, values={values} -> {list_to_dict}")

# 列表/元組的元組/列表 -> 字典
pairs = [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]
pairs_to_dict = dict(pairs)
print(f"對列表轉(zhuǎn)字典: {pairs} -> {pairs_to_dict}")

# 嵌套列表轉(zhuǎn)字典
nested_list = [['x', 10], ['y', 20], ['z', 30]]
nested_to_dict = dict(nested_list)
print(f"嵌套列表轉(zhuǎn)字典: {nested_list} -> {nested_to_dict}")

# ==================== 高級轉(zhuǎn)換技巧 ====================

def advanced_conversions():
    print("高級轉(zhuǎn)換技巧示例:")
    
    # 1. 使用推導(dǎo)式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
    numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    
    # 列表推導(dǎo)式轉(zhuǎn)換
    squares = [x**2 for x in numbers]
    print(f"數(shù)字平方列表: {numbers} -> {squares}")
    
    # 字典推導(dǎo)式轉(zhuǎn)換
    square_dict = {x: x**2 for x in numbers}
    print(f"數(shù)字平方字典: {numbers} -> {square_dict}")
    
    # 集合推導(dǎo)式轉(zhuǎn)換
    square_set = {x**2 for x in numbers}
    print(f"數(shù)字平方集合: {numbers} -> {square_set}")
    
    # 2. 使用map函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換
    numbers_str = list(map(str, numbers))
    print(f"數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)字符串列表: {numbers} -> {numbers_str}")
    
    # 3. 使用filter過濾轉(zhuǎn)換
    even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
    print(f"過濾偶數(shù): {numbers} -> {even_numbers}")
    
    # 4. 嵌套容器轉(zhuǎn)換
    nested_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
    
    # 展平嵌套列表
    flat_list = [item for sublist in nested_list for item in sublist]
    print(f"展平嵌套列表: {nested_list} -> {flat_list}")
    
    # 5. 多重轉(zhuǎn)換
    data = [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為字典
    tuple_list_to_dict = dict(data)
    print(f"元組列表轉(zhuǎn)字典: {data} -> {tuple_list_to_dict}")
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為兩個列表
    nums, letters = zip(*data) if data else ([], [])
    print(f"元組列表拆分為兩個列表: {data} -> nums={nums}, letters={letters}")
    
    # 6. 自定義對象轉(zhuǎn)換
    class Person:
        def __init__(self, name, age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
        
        def __repr__(self):
            return f"Person(name={self.name}, age={self.age})"
    
    people = [Person("Alice", 25), Person("Bob", 30), Person("Charlie", 35)]
    
    # 對象列表轉(zhuǎn)換為名字列表
    names = [person.name for person in people]
    print(f"對象列表轉(zhuǎn)名字列表: {people} -> {names}")
    
    # 對象列表轉(zhuǎn)換為字典
    people_dict = {person.name: person.age for person in people}
    print(f"對象列表轉(zhuǎn)字典: {people} -> {people_dict}")

advanced_conversions()

# ==================== 實際應(yīng)用場景 ====================

def practical_applications():
    print("\n實際應(yīng)用場景:")
    
    # 場景1: 數(shù)據(jù)清洗和去重
    print("場景1: 數(shù)據(jù)清洗和去重")
    raw_data = [5, 2, 8, 2, 5, 9, 1, 5, 8]
    
    # 使用集合去重，然后排序
    cleaned_data = sorted(set(raw_data))
    print(f"原始數(shù)據(jù): {raw_data}")
    print(f"清洗后數(shù)據(jù): {cleaned_data}")
    
    # 場景2: 統(tǒng)計詞頻
    print("\n場景2: 統(tǒng)計詞頻")
    text = "apple banana apple orange banana apple"
    words = text.split()
    
    # 多種方法統(tǒng)計詞頻
    # 方法1: 使用字典
    word_count = {}
    for word in words:
        word_count[word] = word_count.get(word, 0) + 1
    print(f"方法1 - 字典統(tǒng)計: {word_count}")
    
    # 方法2: 使用collections.Counter
    from collections import Counter
    word_counter = Counter(words)
    print(f"方法2 - Counter統(tǒng)計: {dict(word_counter)}")
    
    # 場景3: 矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置
    print("\n場景3: 矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置")
    matrix = [
        [1, 2, 3],
        [4, 5, 6],
        [7, 8, 9]
    ]
    
    # 使用zip轉(zhuǎn)置
    transposed = list(zip(*matrix))
    print(f"原始矩陣: {matrix}")
    print(f"轉(zhuǎn)置矩陣: {transposed}")
    
    # 場景4: 分組數(shù)據(jù)
    print("\n場景4: 分組數(shù)據(jù)")
    students = [
        ("Alice", "Math", 85),
        ("Bob", "Math", 90),
        ("Alice", "Science", 92),
        ("Bob", "Science", 88),
        ("Charlie", "Math", 78)
    ]
    
    # 按學(xué)生分組成績
    from collections import defaultdict
    student_grades = defaultdict(list)
    
    for name, subject, grade in students:
        student_grades[name].append((subject, grade))
    
    print("按學(xué)生分組成績:")
    for student, grades in student_grades.items():
        print(f"  {student}: {grades}")
    
    # 場景5: 配置文件解析
    print("\n場景5: 配置文件解析")
    config_lines = [
        "DATABASE_HOST=localhost",
        "DATABASE_PORT=5432",
        "DATABASE_NAME=mydb",
        "DEBUG=true"
    ]
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為配置字典
    config_dict = {}
    for line in config_lines:
        if '=' in line:
            key, value = line.split('=', 1)
            config_dict[key] = value
    
    print(f"配置字典: {config_dict}")
    
    # 場景6: 處理CSV數(shù)據(jù)
    print("\n場景6: 處理CSV數(shù)據(jù)")
    csv_data = "name,age,city\nAlice,25,New York\nBob,30,London\nCharlie,35,Paris"
    
    # 解析CSV為列表字典
    lines = csv_data.split('\n')
    headers = lines[0].split(',')
    records = []
    
    for line in lines[1:]:
        values = line.split(',')
        record = dict(zip(headers, values))
        records.append(record)
    
    print("解析后的數(shù)據(jù):")
    for record in records:
        print(f"  {record}")

practical_applications()

# ==================== 容器共有函數(shù) ====================

def common_container_functions():
    print("容器共有函數(shù)示例:")
    
    # 示例數(shù)據(jù)
    sample_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    sample_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
    sample_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
    sample_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
    sample_string = "hello"
    
    # 1. len() - 獲取容器長度
    print("\n1. len() - 獲取容器長度:")
    print(f"列表長度: len({sample_list}) = {len(sample_list)}")
    print(f"元組長度: len({sample_tuple}) = {len(sample_tuple)}")
    print(f"集合長度: len({sample_set}) = {len(sample_set)}")
    print(f"字典長度: len({sample_dict}) = {len(sample_dict)}")
    print(f"字符串長度: len('{sample_string}') = {len(sample_string)}")
    
    # 2. max() - 獲取最大值
    print("\n2. max() - 獲取最大值:")
    print(f"列表最大值: max({sample_list}) = {max(sample_list)}")
    print(f"元組最大值: max({sample_tuple}) = {max(sample_tuple)}")
    print(f"集合最大值: max({sample_set}) = {max(sample_set)}")
    
    # 字典最大值（默認(rèn)比較鍵）
    print(f"字典鍵最大值: max({sample_dict}) = {max(sample_dict)}")
    print(f"字典值最大值: max({sample_dict}.values()) = {max(sample_dict.values())}")
    
    # 3. min() - 獲取最小值
    print("\n3. min() - 獲取最小值:")
    print(f"列表最小值: min({sample_list}) = {min(sample_list)}")
    print(f"元組最小值: min({sample_tuple}) = {min(sample_tuple)}")
    print(f"集合最小值: min({sample_set}) = {min(sample_set)}")
    
    # 4. sum() - 求和（僅限數(shù)值容器）
    print("\n4. sum() - 求和:")
    print(f"列表求和: sum({sample_list}) = {sum(sample_list)}")
    print(f"元組求和: sum({sample_tuple}) = {sum(sample_tuple)}")
    print(f"集合求和: sum({sample_set}) = {sum(sample_set)}")
    
    # 字典值求和
    print(f"字典值求和: sum({sample_dict}.values()) = {sum(sample_dict.values())}")
    
    # 5. any() - 任意元素為真則返回True
    print("\n5. any() - 任意元素為真:")
    test_list = [0, False, '', None]
    print(f"any({test_list}) = {any(test_list)}")
    
    test_list2 = [0, False, 1, '']
    print(f"any({test_list2}) = {any(test_list2)}")
    
    # 6. all() - 所有元素為真則返回True
    print("\n6. all() - 所有元素為真:")
    print(f"all({test_list}) = {all(test_list)}")
    print(f"all({sample_list}) = {all(sample_list)}")
    
    # 7. sorted() - 排序（返回新列表）
    print("\n7. sorted() - 排序:")
    unsorted_list = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
    print(f"排序前: {unsorted_list}")
    print(f"升序排序: {sorted(unsorted_list)}")
    print(f"降序排序: {sorted(unsorted_list, reverse=True)}")
    
    # 字典排序
    print(f"字典按鍵排序: {sorted(sample_dict)}")
    print(f"字典按值排序: {sorted(sample_dict.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])}")
    
    # 8. reversed() - 反轉(zhuǎn)（返回迭代器）
    print("\n8. reversed() - 反轉(zhuǎn):")
    print(f"列表反轉(zhuǎn): {list(reversed(sample_list))}")
    print(f"元組反轉(zhuǎn): {tuple(reversed(sample_tuple))}")
    print(f"字符串反轉(zhuǎn): {''.join(reversed(sample_string))}")
    
    # 9. enumerate() - 同時獲取索引和值
    print("\n9. enumerate() - 枚舉:")
    print("列表枚舉:")
    for index, value in enumerate(sample_list):
        print(f"  [{index}] = {value}")
    
    print("字典枚舉（鍵值對）:")
    for index, (key, value) in enumerate(sample_dict.items()):
        print(f"  [{index}] {key} = {value}")
    
    # 10. zip() - 并行迭代多個容器
    print("\n10. zip() - 并行迭代:")
    names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
    ages = [25, 30, 35]
    cities = ["New York", "London", "Paris"]
    
    print("并行迭代多個列表:")
    for name, age, city in zip(names, ages, cities):
        print(f"  {name} ({age}歲) 來自 {city}")
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為字典
    people_dict = dict(zip(names, ages))
    print(f"通過zip創(chuàng)建字典: {people_dict}")

common_container_functions()

# ==================== 成員測試和迭代 ====================

def membership_and_iteration():
    print("\n成員測試和迭代:")
    
    # 示例數(shù)據(jù)
    fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]
    fruit_set = {"apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"}
    fruit_dict = {"apple": 1, "banana": 2, "orange": 3, "grape": 4}
    
    # 1. in 操作符 - 成員測試
    print("1. in 操作符 - 成員測試:")
    
    # 列表成員測試
    print(f"'apple' 在列表 {fruits} 中: {'apple' in fruits}")
    print(f"'pear' 在列表 {fruits} 中: {'pear' in fruits}")
    
    # 集合成員測試（更快）
    print(f"'apple' 在集合 {fruit_set} 中: {'apple' in fruit_set}")
    
    # 字典成員測試（默認(rèn)測試鍵）
    print(f"'apple' 在字典 {fruit_dict} 的鍵中: {'apple' in fruit_dict}")
    print(f"1 在字典 {fruit_dict} 的值中: {1 in fruit_dict.values()}")
    print(f"('apple', 1) 在字典 {fruit_dict} 的項中: {('apple', 1) in fruit_dict.items()}")
    
    # 2. not in 操作符
    print("\n2. not in 操作符:")
    print(f"'pear' 不在列表 {fruits} 中: {'pear' not in fruits}")
    
    # 3. 迭代容器
    print("\n3. 迭代容器:")
    
    # 列表迭代
    print("迭代列表:")
    for fruit in fruits:
        print(f"  - {fruit}")
    
    # 集合迭代（無序）
    print("\n迭代集合:")
    for fruit in fruit_set:
        print(f"  - {fruit}")
    
    # 字典迭代
    print("\n迭代字典（鍵）:")
    for key in fruit_dict:
        print(f"  - {key}")
    
    print("\n迭代字典（鍵值對）:")
    for key, value in fruit_dict.items():
        print(f"  - {key}: {value}")
    
    # 4. 帶索引的迭代
    print("\n4. 帶索引的迭代:")
    print("使用enumerate:")
    for i, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
        print(f"  [{i}] {fruit}")
    
    # 5. 同時迭代多個容器
    print("\n5. 同時迭代多個容器:")
    quantities = [10, 20, 15, 25]
    prices = [1.5, 0.8, 2.0, 3.5]
    
    print("水果庫存:")
    for fruit, qty, price in zip(fruits, quantities, prices):
        total = qty * price
        print(f"  {fruit}: {qty}個 × ${price} = ${total:.2f}")
    
    # 6. 使用iter()和next()手動迭代
    print("\n6. 手動迭代:")
    fruit_iter = iter(fruits)
    print(f"第一次next: {next(fruit_iter)}")
    print(f"第二次next: {next(fruit_iter)}")
    print(f"第三次next: {next(fruit_iter)}")
    
    # 7. 迭代時修改容器（注意事項）
    print("\n7. 迭代時修改容器（注意事項）:")
    
    # 錯誤示例：迭代時刪除元素
    numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    print(f"原始列表: {numbers}")
    
    # 安全的方式：創(chuàng)建副本或使用列表推導(dǎo)式
    numbers_copy = numbers.copy()
    to_remove = []
    
    for num in numbers_copy:
        if num % 2 == 0:
            to_remove.append(num)
    
    for num in to_remove:
        numbers.remove(num)
    
    print(f"刪除偶數(shù)后: {numbers}")
    
    # 使用列表推導(dǎo)式（更簡潔）
    numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    numbers = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 != 0]
    print(f"使用推導(dǎo)式刪除偶數(shù)后: {numbers}")

membership_and_iteration()

# ==================== 切片操作 ====================

def slicing_operations():
    print("\n切片操作（適用于序列類型）:")
    
    # 示例數(shù)據(jù)
    data = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    text = "Hello, World!"
    
    # 基本切片語法: sequence[start:stop:step]
    
    # 1. 基本切片
    print("1. 基本切片:")
    print(f"完整序列: {data}")
    print(f"data[2:6]: {data[2:6]}")      # 從索引2到5（不包含6）
    print(f"data[:5]: {data[:5]}")        # 從開始到索引4
    print(f"data[5:]: {data[5:]}")        # 從索引5到結(jié)束
    print(f"data[:]: {data[:]}")          # 完整副本
    
    # 2. 帶步長的切片
    print("\n2. 帶步長的切片:")
    print(f"data[::2]: {data[::2]}")      # 每隔一個元素
    print(f"data[1::2]: {data[1::2]}")    # 從索引1開始，每隔一個
    print(f"data[2:8:2]: {data[2:8:2]}")  # 從2到7，每隔一個
    
    # 3. 負(fù)索引切片
    print("\n3. 負(fù)索引切片:")
    print(f"data[-3:]: {data[-3:]}")      # 最后3個元素
    print(f"data[:-3]: {data[:-3]}")      # 除了最后3個
    print(f"data[-5:-2]: {data[-5:-2]}")  # 從倒數(shù)第5到倒數(shù)第3
    
    # 4. 負(fù)步長（反轉(zhuǎn)）
    print("\n4. 負(fù)步長（反轉(zhuǎn)）:")
    print(f"data[::-1]: {data[::-1]}")    # 反轉(zhuǎn)列表
    print(f"data[5:1:-1]: {data[5:1:-1]}") # 從索引5到索引2（反向）
    print(f"data[-2:-6:-1]: {data[-2:-6:-1]}") # 從倒數(shù)第2到倒數(shù)第5（反向）
    
    # 5. 字符串切片
    print("\n5. 字符串切片:")
    print(f"原始字符串: '{text}'")
    print(f"text[0:5]: '{text[0:5]}'")    # Hello
    print(f"text[7:12]: '{text[7:12]}'")  # World
    print(f"text[::2]: '{text[::2]}'")    # 每隔一個字符
    print(f"text[::-1]: '{text[::-1]}'")  # 反轉(zhuǎn)字符串
    
    # 6. 元組切片
    print("\n6. 元組切片:")
    data_tuple = tuple(data)
    print(f"元組切片 data_tuple[2:6]: {data_tuple[2:6]}")
    
    # 7. 切片賦值（僅可變序列）
    print("\n7. 切片賦值（僅可變序列）:")
    numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    print(f"原始列表: {numbers}")
    
    # 替換切片部分
    numbers[2:4] = [20, 30, 40]  # 可以改變元素數(shù)量
    print(f"替換后: {numbers}")
    
    # 刪除切片部分
    numbers[1:4] = []
    print(f"刪除后: {numbers}")
    
    # 插入元素
    numbers[2:2] = [100, 200]  # 在索引2處插入
    print(f"插入后: {numbers}")
    
    # 8. 高級切片應(yīng)用
    print("\n8. 高級切片應(yīng)用:")
    
    # 提取每行數(shù)據(jù)的特定列
    matrix = [
        [1, 2, 3, 4],
        [5, 6, 7, 8],
        [9, 10, 11, 12]
    ]
    
    # 提取第二列
    col2 = [row[1] for row in matrix]
    print(f"矩陣第二列: {col2}")
    
    # 使用切片獲取子矩陣
    submatrix = [row[1:3] for row in matrix[1:3]]
    print(f"子矩陣: {submatrix}")
    
    # 9. 自定義可切片對象
    print("\n9. 自定義可切片對象:")
    
    class SliceableList:
        def __init__(self, data):
            self.data = list(data)
        
        def __getitem__(self, key):
            if isinstance(key, slice):
                # 處理切片
                return self.data[key]
            else:
                # 處理單個索引
                return self.data[key]
        
        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
            if isinstance(key, slice):
                self.data[key] = value
            else:
                self.data[key] = value
        
        def __repr__(self):
            return f"SliceableList({self.data})"
    
    custom_list = SliceableList(range(10))
    print(f"自定義列表: {custom_list}")
    print(f"自定義列表切片[2:7:2]: {custom_list[2:7:2]}")

slicing_operations()

# ==================== 容器比較和復(fù)制 ====================

def comparison_and_copy():
    print("\n容器比較和復(fù)制:")
    
    # 1. 容器比較
    print("1. 容器比較:")
    
    # 列表比較（按元素逐個比較）
    list1 = [1, 2, 3]
    list2 = [1, 2, 3]
    list3 = [1, 2, 4]
    
    print(f"{list1} == {list2}: {list1 == list2}")
    print(f"{list1} == {list3}: {list1 == list3}")
    print(f"{list1} != {list3}: {list1 != list3}")
    
    # 字典比較（比較鍵值對）
    dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
    dict2 = {'b': 2, 'a': 1}  # 順序不同
    print(f"{dict1} == {dict2}: {dict1 == dict2}")
    
    # 集合比較
    set1 = {1, 2, 3}
    set2 = {3, 2, 1}  # 順序不同
    print(f"{set1} == {set2}: {set1 == set2}")
    
    # 包含關(guān)系比較
    print(f"{set1} 是 {set2} 的超集: {set1 >= set2}")
    print(f"{set1} 是 {set2} 的子集: {set1 <= set2}")
    
    # 2. 淺拷貝（shallow copy）
    print("\n2. 淺拷貝:")
    
    original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    
    # 列表的淺拷貝方法
    copy1 = original.copy()          # copy()方法
    copy2 = list(original)           # 構(gòu)造函數(shù)
    copy3 = original[:]              # 切片
    
    print(f"原始列表: {original}")
    print(f"淺拷貝1: {copy1}")
    print(f"淺拷貝2: {copy2}")
    print(f"淺拷貝3: {copy3}")
    
    # 修改原始列表
    original[0][0] = 100
    print(f"修改原始列表后:")
    print(f"原始列表: {original}")
    print(f"淺拷貝1: {copy1}")  # 也被修改了！
    print("注意：淺拷貝只復(fù)制第一層，嵌套對象是共享的")
    
    # 3. 深拷貝（deep copy）
    print("\n3. 深拷貝:")
    import copy
    
    original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
    deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(original)
    
    print(f"原始列表: {original}")
    print(f"深拷貝: {deep_copy}")
    
    # 修改原始列表
    original[0][0] = 100
    print(f"修改原始列表后:")
    print(f"原始列表: {original}")
    print(f"深拷貝: {deep_copy}")  # 未被修改
    print("注意：深拷貝復(fù)制所有嵌套對象")
    
    # 4. 復(fù)制字典
    print("\n4. 字典復(fù)制:")
    original_dict = {'a': [1, 2], 'b': [3, 4]}
    
    # 淺拷貝
    shallow_dict = original_dict.copy()
    
    # 深拷貝
    deep_dict = copy.deepcopy(original_dict)
    
    # 修改原始字典
    original_dict['a'][0] = 100
    
    print(f"原始字典: {original_dict}")
    print(f"淺拷貝字典: {shallow_dict}")  # 嵌套列表被修改
    print(f"深拷貝字典: {deep_dict}")      # 未被修改
    
    # 5. 復(fù)制集合
    print("\n5. 集合復(fù)制:")
    original_set = {1, 2, 3}
    
    # 集合復(fù)制
    set_copy = original_set.copy()
    
    print(f"原始集合: {original_set}")
    print(f"復(fù)制集合: {set_copy}")
    
    # 6. 不可變?nèi)萜鞯?復(fù)制"
    print("\n6. 不可變?nèi)萜鞯?復(fù)制':")
    
    # 元組是不可變的，所以賦值只是創(chuàng)建引用
    original_tuple = (1, 2, [3, 4])
    tuple_reference = original_tuple
    
    # 要創(chuàng)建包含可變元素的元組的真正副本
    import copy
    tuple_copy = copy.deepcopy(original_tuple)
    
    # 修改原始元組中的列表
    original_tuple[2][0] = 100
    
    print(f"原始元組: {original_tuple}")
    print(f"元組引用: {tuple_reference}")  # 也被修改了
    print(f"元組深拷貝: {tuple_copy}")     # 未被修改
    
    # 7. 性能考慮
    print("\n7. 性能考慮:")
    
    # 測試不同復(fù)制方法的性能
    import time
    
    large_list = list(range(1000000))
    
    # 測試淺拷貝性能
    start = time.time()
    shallow_copy = large_list.copy()
    shallow_time = time.time() - start
    
    # 測試切片復(fù)制性能
    start = time.time()
    slice_copy = large_list[:]
    slice_time = time.time() - start
    
    # 測試構(gòu)造函數(shù)復(fù)制性能
    start = time.time()
    constructor_copy = list(large_list)
    constructor_time = time.time() - start
    
    print(f"淺拷貝時間: {shallow_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"切片復(fù)制時間: {slice_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"構(gòu)造函數(shù)復(fù)制時間: {constructor_time:.6f}秒")
    print("三種方法性能相近，選擇最清晰的方式即可")

comparison_and_copy()

# ==================== 內(nèi)置函數(shù)與容器操作 ====================

def builtin_functions_with_containers():
    print("\n內(nèi)置函數(shù)與容器操作:")
    
    # 1. map() - 對容器中每個元素應(yīng)用函數(shù)
    print("1. map() - 映射:")
    
    numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為字符串
    str_numbers = list(map(str, numbers))
    print(f"數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)字符串: {numbers} -> {str_numbers}")
    
    # 計算平方
    squares = list(map(lambda x: x**2, numbers))
    print(f"計算平方: {numbers} -> {squares}")
    
    # 2. filter() - 過濾容器元素
    print("\n2. filter() - 過濾:")
    
    # 過濾偶數(shù)
    even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
    print(f"過濾偶數(shù): {numbers} -> {even_numbers}")
    
    # 過濾非空字符串
    strings = ["hello", "", "world", "", "python"]
    non_empty = list(filter(None, strings))  # None會過濾掉假值
    print(f"過濾空字符串: {strings} -> {non_empty}")
    
    # 3. reduce() - 累積計算（需要functools）
    print("\n3. reduce() - 累積計算:")
    from functools import reduce
    
    # 計算乘積
    product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)
    print(f"計算乘積: {numbers} -> {product}")
    
    # 連接字符串
    words = ["Hello", "World", "Python"]
    concatenated = reduce(lambda x, y: x + " " + y, words)
    print(f"連接字符串: {words} -> '{concatenated}'")
    
    # 4. zip() - 合并多個容器
    print("\n4. zip() - 合并容器:")
    
    names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
    ages = [25, 30, 35]
    
    # 合并為元組列表
    people = list(zip(names, ages))
    print(f"合并列表: names={names}, ages={ages} -> {people}")
    
    # 處理不等長列表
    list1 = [1, 2, 3]
    list2 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
    combined = list(zip(list1, list2))  # 以最短的為準(zhǔn)
    print(f"不等長合并: {list1}, {list2} -> {combined}")
    
    # 5. enumerate() - 帶索引的迭代
    print("\n5. enumerate() - 帶索引迭代:")
    
    fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
    print("帶索引迭代:")
    for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
        print(f"  [{index}] {fruit}")
    
    # 指定起始索引
    print("指定起始索引為1:")
    for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits, start=1):
        print(f"  [{index}] {fruit}")
    
    # 6. sorted() 和 reversed() 的更多用法
    print("\n6. sorted() 和 reversed():")
    
    # 復(fù)雜對象排序
    students = [
        {"name": "Alice", "age": 25},
        {"name": "Bob", "age": 30},
        {"name": "Charlie", "age": 22}
    ]
    
    # 按年齡排序
    sorted_by_age = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x["age"])
    print(f"按年齡排序: {sorted_by_age}")
    
    # 按姓名排序
    sorted_by_name = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x["name"])
    print(f"按姓名排序: {sorted_by_name}")
    
    # 多級排序
    from operator import itemgetter
    
    data = [
        ("apple", 3, 1.5),
        ("banana", 2, 0.8),
        ("apple", 1, 1.5),
        ("banana", 3, 0.8)
    ]
    
    # 先按名稱，再按數(shù)量排序
    multi_sorted = sorted(data, key=itemgetter(0, 1))
    print(f"多級排序: {multi_sorted}")
    
    # 7. all() 和 any() 的高級用法
    print("\n7. all() 和 any() 的高級用法:")
    
    # 檢查所有字符串長度大于2
    strings = ["hello", "world", "python", "go"]
    all_long = all(len(s) > 2 for s in strings)
    print(f"所有字符串長度>2: {strings} -> {all_long}")
    
    # 檢查是否有字符串包含特定字符
    any_contains_o = any('o' in s for s in strings)
    print(f"有字符串包含'o': {strings} -> {any_contains_o}")
    
    # 8. sum() 的進(jìn)階用法
    print("\n8. sum() 的進(jìn)階用法:")
    
    # 計算嵌套列表總和
    nested = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]]
    total = sum(sum(sublist) for sublist in nested)
    print(f"嵌套列表總和: {nested} -> {total}")
    
    # 計算字典值總和
    inventory = {"apples": 10, "bananas": 5, "oranges": 8}
    total_items = sum(inventory.values())
    print(f"庫存總數(shù): {inventory} -> {total_items}")
    
    # 9. 使用iter()和next()的高級模式
    print("\n9. iter()和next()的高級模式:")
    
    # 分批處理
    def batch_process(data, batch_size=3):
        """將數(shù)據(jù)分批處理"""
        it = iter(data)
        while True:
            batch = []
            try:
                for _ in range(batch_size):
                    batch.append(next(it))
                yield batch
            except StopIteration:
                if batch:
                    yield batch
                break
    
    numbers = list(range(10))
    print(f"原始數(shù)據(jù): {numbers}")
    print("分批處理:")
    for i, batch in enumerate(batch_process(numbers, 3), 1):
        print(f"  批次{i}: {batch}")

builtin_functions_with_containers()

# ==================== 綜合應(yīng)用示例 ====================

def comprehensive_example():
    print("\n綜合應(yīng)用示例:")
    
    # 場景：學(xué)生成績管理系統(tǒng)
    students_data = [
        {"id": 1, "name": "Alice", "scores": {"math": 85, "english": 90, "science": 88}},
        {"id": 2, "name": "Bob", "scores": {"math": 78, "english": 85, "science": 92}},
        {"id": 3, "name": "Charlie", "scores": {"math": 92, "english": 88, "science": 95}},
        {"id": 4, "name": "Diana", "scores": {"math": 65, "english": 70, "science": 68}},
    ]
    
    # 1. 提取所有學(xué)生姓名
    student_names = [student["name"] for student in students_data]
    print(f"1. 所有學(xué)生姓名: {student_names}")
    
    # 2. 計算每個學(xué)生的平均分
    student_averages = []
    for student in students_data:
        name = student["name"]
        scores = student["scores"].values()
        average = sum(scores) / len(scores) if scores else 0
        student_averages.append((name, average))
    
    print(f"\n2. 學(xué)生平均分: {student_averages}")
    
    # 3. 按平均分排序
    sorted_students = sorted(student_averages, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
    print(f"\n3. 按平均分排序: {sorted_students}")
    
    # 4. 找出數(shù)學(xué)成績最高的學(xué)生
    math_scores = [(student["name"], student["scores"]["math"]) for student in students_data]
    top_math_student = max(math_scores, key=lambda x: x[1])
    print(f"\n4. 數(shù)學(xué)最高分: {top_math_student}")
    
    # 5. 統(tǒng)計各科目平均分
    subjects = ["math", "english", "science"]
    subject_averages = {}
    
    for subject in subjects:
        scores = [student["scores"][subject] for student in students_data]
        subject_averages[subject] = sum(scores) / len(scores)
    
    print(f"\n5. 各科目平均分:")
    for subject, avg in subject_averages.items():
        print(f"  {subject}: {avg:.2f}")
    
    # 6. 找出需要幫助的學(xué)生（任一科目低于70分）
    struggling_students = []
    for student in students_data:
        name = student["name"]
        low_scores = [subject for subject, score in student["scores"].items() if score < 70]
        if low_scores:
            struggling_students.append((name, low_scores))
    
    print(f"\n6. 需要幫助的學(xué)生:")
    for student, low_subjects in struggling_students:
        print(f"  {student}: {low_subjects}")
    
    # 7. 創(chuàng)建成績報告
    print("\n7. 成績報告:")
    report = []
    for student in students_data:
        name = student["name"]
        scores = student["scores"]
        total = sum(scores.values())
        average = total / len(scores)
        
        # 成績等級
        if average >= 90:
            grade = "A"
        elif average >= 80:
            grade = "B"
        elif average >= 70:
            grade = "C"
        elif average >= 60:
            grade = "D"
        else:
            grade = "F"
        
        report.append({
            "name": name,
            "scores": scores,
            "average": round(average, 2),
            "grade": grade
        })
    
    for student_report in report:
        print(f"  {student_report['name']}: 平均分={student_report['average']}, 等級={student_report['grade']}")
        print(f"    各科成績: {student_report['scores']}")
    
    # 8. 數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換：將學(xué)生數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的格式
    print("\n8. 數(shù)據(jù)格式轉(zhuǎn)換:")
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為CSV格式
    csv_lines = ["name,math,english,science,average,grade"]
    for student_report in report:
        csv_line = f"{student_report['name']},{student_report['scores']['math']},"
        csv_line += f"{student_report['scores']['english']},{student_report['scores']['science']},"
        csv_line += f"{student_report['average']},{student_report['grade']}"
        csv_lines.append(csv_line)
    
    print("CSV格式:")
    for line in csv_lines:
        print(f"  {line}")
    
    # 轉(zhuǎn)換為字典格式（按學(xué)科分組）
    subject_groups = {}
    for subject in subjects:
        subject_groups[subject] = {}
        for student in students_data:
            subject_groups[subject][student["name"]] = student["scores"][subject]
    
    print("\n按學(xué)科分組:")
    for subject, scores in subject_groups.items():
        print(f"  {subject}: {scores}")

comprehensive_example()

# ==================== 性能考慮與最佳實踐 ====================

def performance_and_best_practices():
    print("\n性能考慮與最佳實踐:")
    
    import time
    import sys
    
    # 1. 選擇合適的容器類型
    print("1. 選擇合適的容器類型:")
    
    # 測試列表和集合的成員測試性能
    print("測試成員測試性能:")
    
    # 創(chuàng)建大數(shù)據(jù)集
    large_list = list(range(1000000))
    large_set = set(large_list)
    
    # 測試列表成員測試
    start = time.time()
    result = 999999 in large_list
    list_time = time.time() - start
    
    # 測試集合成員測試
    start = time.time()
    result = 999999 in large_set
    set_time = time.time() - start
    
    print(f"  列表成員測試時間: {list_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  集合成員測試時間: {set_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  集合比列表快 {list_time/set_time:.1f}倍")
    
    # 2. 避免不必要的轉(zhuǎn)換
    print("\n2. 避免不必要的轉(zhuǎn)換:")
    
    data = list(range(10000))
    
    # 不必要轉(zhuǎn)換
    start = time.time()
    for _ in range(1000):
        temp = list(data)  # 創(chuàng)建不必要的副本
    unnecessary_time = time.time() - start
    
    # 直接使用
    start = time.time()
    for _ in range(1000):
        temp = data  # 直接引用
    direct_time = time.time() - start
    
    print(f"  不必要轉(zhuǎn)換時間: {unnecessary_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  直接使用時間: {direct_time:.6f}秒")
    
    # 3. 使用生成器表達(dá)式代替列表推導(dǎo)式（節(jié)省內(nèi)存）
    print("\n3. 使用生成器表達(dá)式節(jié)省內(nèi)存:")
    
    # 大數(shù)據(jù)集
    huge_range = range(10000000)
    
    # 列表推導(dǎo)式（消耗大量內(nèi)存）
    print("  列表推導(dǎo)式內(nèi)存測試:")
    start_memory = sys.getsizeof([])
    
    # 注意：這里不實際創(chuàng)建，只是演示
    # huge_list = [x**2 for x in huge_range]  # 這會消耗大量內(nèi)存
    
    # 生成器表達(dá)式（節(jié)省內(nèi)存）
    print("  生成器表達(dá)式內(nèi)存測試:")
    huge_gen = (x**2 for x in huge_range)
    gen_memory = sys.getsizeof(huge_gen)
    
    print(f"  生成器對象大小: {gen_memory}字節(jié)")
    print("  生成器只在迭代時生成值，不預(yù)先生成所有值")
    
    # 4. 使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)和庫函數(shù)
    print("\n4. 使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)和庫函數(shù):")
    
    numbers = list(range(1000000))
    
    # 手動求最大值
    start = time.time()
    max_value = numbers[0]
    for num in numbers:
        if num > max_value:
            max_value = num
    manual_time = time.time() - start
    
    # 使用內(nèi)置max函數(shù)
    start = time.time()
    max_value = max(numbers)
    builtin_time = time.time() - start
    
    print(f"  手動求最大值時間: {manual_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  內(nèi)置max函數(shù)時間: {builtin_time:.6f}秒")
    
    # 5. 批量操作 vs 逐個操作
    print("\n5. 批量操作 vs 逐個操作:")
    
    # 創(chuàng)建測試數(shù)據(jù)
    strings = ["hello"] * 10000
    
    # 逐個連接（低效）
    start = time.time()
    result = ""
    for s in strings:
        result += s
    concat_time = time.time() - start
    
    # 批量連接（高效）
    start = time.time()
    result = "".join(strings)
    join_time = time.time() - start
    
    print(f"  逐個連接時間: {concat_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  批量連接時間: {join_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  join()比逐個連接快 {concat_time/join_time:.1f}倍")
    
    # 6. 適當(dāng)使用切片
    print("\n6. 適當(dāng)使用切片:")
    
    data = list(range(1000000))
    
    # 復(fù)制列表的不同方法
    start = time.time()
    for _ in range(100):
        copy1 = data[:]
    slice_time = time.time() - start
    
    start = time.time()
    for _ in range(100):
        copy2 = list(data)
    list_time = time.time() - start
    
    start = time.time()
    for _ in range(100):
        copy3 = data.copy()
    copy_time = time.time() - start
    
    print(f"  切片復(fù)制時間: {slice_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  構(gòu)造函數(shù)復(fù)制時間: {list_time:.6f}秒")
    print(f"  copy()方法時間: {copy_time:.6f}秒")
    print("  三種方法性能相似，選擇最清晰的方式")
    
    # 7. 總結(jié)建議
    print("\n7. 最佳實踐總結(jié):")
    print("  - 頻繁成員測試時使用集合(set)而不是列表(list)")
    print("  - 使用生成器表達(dá)式處理大數(shù)據(jù)節(jié)省內(nèi)存")
    print("  - 優(yōu)先使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)和庫函數(shù)")
    print("  - 字符串操作使用join()而不是循環(huán)拼接")
    print("  - 避免不必要的容器轉(zhuǎn)換和復(fù)制")
    print("  - 使用切片進(jìn)行高效復(fù)制和操作")
    print("  - 根據(jù)需求選擇合適的容器類型")

performance_and_best_practices()

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <algorithm>

int main() {
    // 1. 從數(shù)組或初始化列表構(gòu)造
    int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1};
    std::vector<int> vec(std::begin(arr), std::end(arr));
    std::cout << "vector from array: ";
    for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 2. 從vector構(gòu)造list
    std::list<int> lst(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    std::cout << "list from vector: ";
    for (int x : lst) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 3. 從vector構(gòu)造set（自動去重和排序）
    std::set<int> s(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    std::cout << "set from vector (sorted and unique): ";
    for (int x : s) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 4. 從vector構(gòu)造unordered_set（去重，無序）
    std::unordered_set<int> us(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    std::cout << "unordered_set from vector (unique, unordered): ";
    for (int x : us) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 5. 將set轉(zhuǎn)換為vector
    std::vector<int> vec2(s.begin(), s.end());
    std::cout << "vector from set: ";
    for (int x : vec2) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 6. 將兩個vector組合成map
    std::vector<std::string> keys = {"one", "two", "three"};
    std::vector<int> values = {1, 2, 3};
    std::map<std::string, int> m;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < keys.size() && i < values.size(); ++i) {
        m[keys[i]] = values[i];
    }
    std::cout << "map from two vectors: ";
    for (const auto& p : m) std::cout << p.first << ":" << p.second << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 使用std::transform和std::inserter
    std::map<std::string, int> m2;
    std::transform(keys.begin(), keys.end(), values.begin(),
                   std::inserter(m2, m2.end()),
                   [](const std::string& k, int v) { return std::make_pair(k, v); });
    std::cout << "map using transform: ";
    for (const auto& p : m2) std::cout << p.first << ":" << p.second << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>

int main() {
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    std::list<int> lst;

    // 使用assign方法（會覆蓋原有內(nèi)容）
    lst.assign(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    std::cout << "list after assign from vector: ";
    for (int x : lst) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 使用swap交換兩個相同類型的容器（常數(shù)時間）
    std::vector<int> vec2 = {10, 20, 30};
    std::cout << "before swap:\n";
    std::cout << "vec: "; for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << ' '; std::cout << '\n';
    std::cout << "vec2: "; for (int x : vec2) std::cout << x << ' '; std::cout << '\n';

    vec.swap(vec2);
    std::cout << "after swap:\n";
    std::cout << "vec: "; for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << ' '; std::cout << '\n';
    std::cout << "vec2: "; for (int x : vec2) std::cout << x << ' '; std::cout << '\n';

    // 使用std::swap也可以
    std::swap(vec, vec2);
    std::cout << "after std::swap:\n";
    std::cout << "vec: "; for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << ' '; std::cout << '\n';
    std::cout << "vec2: "; for (int x : vec2) std::cout << x << ' '; std::cout << '\n';

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>

int main() {
    std::vector<int> vec = {5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 1};

    // 復(fù)制到另一個vector
    std::vector<int> vec2;
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(vec2));
    std::cout << "copy to vec2: ";
    for (int x : vec2) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 復(fù)制到set（去重和排序）
    std::set<int> s;
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::inserter(s, s.begin()));
    std::cout << "copy to set: ";
    for (int x : s) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 使用std::transform進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換
    std::vector<int> vec3;
    std::transform(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(vec3),
                   [](int x) { return x * 2; });
    std::cout << "transform (double): ";
    for (int x : vec3) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 使用std::remove_copy_if過濾
    std::vector<int> vec4;
    std::remove_copy_if(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(vec4),
                        [](int x) { return x % 2 == 0; });
    std::cout << "remove_copy_if (remove even): ";
    for (int x : vec4) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    // 使用std::unique_copy去重（需要先排序）
    std::vector<int> vec5;
    std::sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    std::unique_copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(vec5));
    std::cout << "unique_copy after sorting: ";
    for (int x : vec5) std::cout << x << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <map>

void container_common_functions() {
    std::cout << "=== 容器共有函數(shù) ===\n";
    
    // 1. 構(gòu)造函數(shù)和析構(gòu)函數(shù)
    std::vector<int> v1 = {1, 2, 3};           // 初始化列表構(gòu)造函數(shù)
    std::vector<int> v2(v1.begin(), v1.end()); // 范圍構(gòu)造函數(shù)
    std::vector<int> v3(5, 10);                // 數(shù)量+值構(gòu)造函數(shù)
    
    // 2. 賦值操作
    std::vector<int> v4;
    v4 = v1;                                   // 拷貝賦值
    v4 = {4, 5, 6};                            // 初始化列表賦值
    v4.assign(3, 7);                           // assign方法
    v4.assign(v1.begin(), v1.end());           // 范圍assign
    
    // 3. 迭代器
    std::cout << "迭代器: ";
    for (auto it = v1.begin(); it != v1.end(); ++it) {
        std::cout << *it << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    std::cout << "反向迭代器: ";
    for (auto it = v1.rbegin(); it != v1.rend(); ++it) {
        std::cout << *it << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 4. 容量相關(guān)
    std::cout << "size: " << v1.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "max_size: " << v1.max_size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "empty: " << std::boolalpha << v1.empty() << "\n";
    
    // vector特有的容量操作
    v1.reserve(10);
    std::cout << "capacity: " << v1.capacity() << "\n";
    v1.shrink_to_fit();
    
    // 5. 元素訪問
    if (!v1.empty()) {
        std::cout << "front: " << v1.front() << "\n";
        std::cout << "back: " << v1.back() << "\n";
    }
    
    // 6. 修改器
    v1.push_back(4);
    v1.pop_back();
    
    v1.insert(v1.begin() + 1, 99);
    v1.erase(v1.begin() + 1);
    
    v1.clear();
    
    // 7. 交換
    std::vector<int> v5 = {10, 20, 30};
    v1.swap(v5);
    
    // 8. 比較操作
    std::vector<int> a = {1, 2, 3};
    std::vector<int> b = {1, 2, 3};
    std::cout << "a == b: " << (a == b) << "\n";
    std::cout << "a < b: " << (a < b) << "\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <deque>
#include <list>
#include <forward_list>
#include <array>

void sequence_container_specific() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 序列容器特有操作 ===\n";
    
    // 1. vector - 動態(tài)數(shù)組
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3};
    
    // 隨機(jī)訪問
    std::cout << "vector[1]: " << vec[1] << "\n";
    std::cout << "vector.at(1): " << vec.at(1) << "\n";
    
    // 調(diào)整大小
    vec.resize(5, 0);  // 擴(kuò)展，新增元素初始化為0
    std::cout << "after resize(5): ";
    for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    vec.resize(2);     // 縮小
    std::cout << "after resize(2): ";
    for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 2. deque - 雙端隊列
    std::deque<int> dq = {1, 2, 3};
    
    dq.push_front(0);   // 前端插入
    dq.push_back(4);    // 后端插入
    
    dq.pop_front();     // 前端刪除
    dq.pop_back();      // 后端刪除
    
    // 3. list - 雙向鏈表
    std::list<int> lst = {1, 2, 3};
    
    // 鏈表特有操作
    lst.push_front(0);
    lst.pop_front();
    
    // 合并、拼接
    std::list<int> lst2 = {4, 5, 6};
    lst.merge(lst2);
    
    lst.sort();         // 鏈表排序（成員函數(shù)）
    lst.unique();       // 刪除連續(xù)重復(fù)元素
    
    // 4. forward_list - 單向鏈表
    std::forward_list<int> flist = {1, 2, 3};
    
    // 只有push_front，沒有push_back
    flist.push_front(0);
    flist.pop_front();
    
    // 5. array - 固定大小數(shù)組
    std::array<int, 3> arr = {1, 2, 3};
    
    // array特有：fill方法
    arr.fill(7);
    std::cout << "array after fill(7): ";
    for (int x : arr) std::cout << x << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <unordered_map>

void associative_container_specific() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 關(guān)聯(lián)容器特有操作 ===\n";
    
    // 1. set/multiset
    std::set<int> s = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9};
    std::multiset<int> ms = {3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9};
    
    // 插入
    auto result = s.insert(2);
    std::cout << "插入2: " << (result.second ? "成功" : "失敗") << "\n";
    
    // 查找
    auto it = s.find(3);
    if (it != s.end()) {
        std::cout << "找到3\n";
    }
    
    // 計數(shù)
    std::cout << "set中1的個數(shù): " << s.count(1) << "\n";
    std::cout << "multiset中1的個數(shù): " << ms.count(1) << "\n";
    
    // 范圍查找
    auto lower = s.lower_bound(2);  // 第一個>=2的元素
    auto upper = s.upper_bound(5);  // 第一個>5的元素
    auto range = s.equal_range(4);  // 等于4的范圍
    
    // 2. map/multimap
    std::map<std::string, int> m = {{"apple", 1}, {"banana", 2}};
    std::multimap<std::string, int> mm = {{"apple", 1}, {"apple", 2}};
    
    // 插入
    m.insert({"orange", 3});
    m.emplace("pear", 4);
    
    // 訪問（map特有）
    std::cout << "apple: " << m["apple"] << "\n";
    std::cout << "orange: " << m.at("orange") << "\n";
    
    // 3. 無序容器特有操作
    std::unordered_set<int> us = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    std::unordered_map<std::string, int> um = {{"a", 1}, {"b", 2}};
    
    // 桶接口
    std::cout << "桶數(shù)量: " << us.bucket_count() << "\n";
    std::cout << "負(fù)載因子: " << us.load_factor() << "\n";
    
    // 重新哈希
    us.rehash(20);
    us.reserve(100);
    
    // 遍歷桶
    for (size_t i = 0; i < us.bucket_count(); ++i) {
        std::cout << "桶" << i << "有" << us.bucket_size(i) << "個元素\n";
    }
}

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
#include <deque>

void container_adapter_specific() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 容器適配器特有操作 ===\n";
    
    // 1. stack - 棧
    std::stack<int> st;
    
    st.push(1);
    st.push(2);
    st.push(3);
    
    std::cout << "棧頂: " << st.top() << "\n";
    st.pop();
    std::cout << "彈出后棧頂: " << st.top() << "\n";
    
    // 2. queue - 隊列
    std::queue<int> q;
    
    q.push(1);
    q.push(2);
    q.push(3);
    
    std::cout << "隊首: " << q.front() << "\n";
    std::cout << "隊尾: " << q.back() << "\n";
    q.pop();
    std::cout << "彈出后隊首: " << q.front() << "\n";
    
    // 3. priority_queue - 優(yōu)先隊列
    std::priority_queue<int> pq;
    
    pq.push(3);
    pq.push(1);
    pq.push(4);
    pq.push(2);
    
    std::cout << "優(yōu)先隊列: ";
    while (!pq.empty()) {
        std::cout << pq.top() << " ";
        pq.pop();
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 自定義比較器的優(yōu)先隊列（最小堆）
    std::priority_queue<int, std::vector<int>, std::greater<int>> min_pq;
    min_pq.push(3);
    min_pq.push(1);
    min_pq.push(4);
    
    std::cout << "最小堆優(yōu)先隊列: ";
    while (!min_pq.empty()) {
        std::cout << min_pq.top() << " ";
        min_pq.pop();
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <iterator>
#include <algorithm>

void iterator_utilities() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 迭代器工具 ===\n";
    
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    
    // 1. 迭代器適配器
    // back_inserter
    std::vector<int> dest;
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(dest));
    
    // front_inserter（需要支持push_front的容器）
    std::list<int> lst;
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::front_inserter(lst));
    
    // inserter（在指定位置插入）
    std::vector<int> vec2;
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::inserter(vec2, vec2.begin()));
    
    // 2. 流迭代器
    std::cout << "使用ostream_iterator輸出: ";
    std::copy(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 3. 反向迭代器
    std::cout << "反向輸出: ";
    std::copy(vec.rbegin(), vec.rend(), std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 4. 移動迭代器（C++11）
    std::vector<std::string> strings = {"hello", "world"};
    std::vector<std::string> strings2;
    
    // 使用移動迭代器轉(zhuǎn)移資源
    strings2.insert(strings2.begin(),
                   std::make_move_iterator(strings.begin()),
                   std::make_move_iterator(strings.end()));
    
    std::cout << "移動后原vector大小: " << strings.size() << "\n";
    std::cout << "目標(biāo)vector大小: " << strings2.size() << "\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <execution>  // C++17 并行算法

void algorithm_utilities() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 算法庫工具 ===\n";
    
    std::vector<int> vec = {5, 3, 1, 4, 2, 6, 8, 7};
    
    // 1. 排序和查找
    std::sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
    std::cout << "排序后: ";
    for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    bool found = std::binary_search(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 4);
    std::cout << "二分查找4: " << (found ? "找到" : "未找到") << "\n";
    
    // 2. 數(shù)值算法
    int sum = std::accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 0);
    int product = std::accumulate(vec.begin(), vec.end(), 1, std::multiplies<int>());
    
    std::cout << "和: " << sum << "\n";
    std::cout << "積: " << product << "\n";
    
    // 3. 變換
    std::vector<int> transformed;
    std::transform(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(transformed),
                   [](int x) { return x * 2; });
    
    // 4. 過濾
    std::vector<int> filtered;
    std::copy_if(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::back_inserter(filtered),
                 [](int x) { return x % 2 == 0; });
    
    // 5. 并行算法（C++17）
    std::vector<int> large_vec(1000000);
    std::iota(large_vec.begin(), large_vec.end(), 0);
    
    // 并行排序
    std::sort(std::execution::par, large_vec.begin(), large_vec.end());
    
    // 6. 范圍算法（C++20概念）
    #if __cplusplus >= 202002L
    std::ranges::sort(vec);
    #endif
}

#if __cplusplus >= 202002L

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <ranges>
#include <algorithm>

void ranges_and_views() {
    std::cout << "\n=== C++20 范圍和視圖 ===\n";
    
    std::vector<int> vec = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
    
    // 1. 范圍算法
    std::ranges::sort(vec);
    auto found = std::ranges::find(vec, 5);
    
    // 2. 視圖（惰性求值）
    auto even_squares = vec 
        | std::views::filter([](int x) { return x % 2 == 0; })
        | std::views::transform([](int x) { return x * x; });
    
    std::cout << "偶數(shù)的平方: ";
    for (int x : even_squares) {
        std::cout << x << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 3. 更多視圖操作
    // 取前5個元素
    auto first5 = vec | std::views::take(5);
    
    // 跳過前3個元素
    auto skip3 = vec | std::views::drop(3);
    
    // 反轉(zhuǎn)
    auto reversed = vec | std::views::reverse;
    
    // 4. 管道操作符組合
    auto result = vec
        | std::views::filter([](int x) { return x > 5; })
        | std::views::transform([](int x) { return x * 2; })
        | std::views::take(3);
    
    std::cout << "管道操作結(jié)果: ";
    for (int x : result) {
        std::cout << x << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
}

#endif

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <type_traits>

void type_conversion_utilities() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 類型轉(zhuǎn)換工具 ===\n";
    
    // 1. 使用std::common_type獲取公共類型
    using type1 = std::common_type_t<int, double>;
    using type2 = std::common_type_t<int, float, double>;
    
    std::cout << "int和double的公共類型: " << typeid(type1).name() << "\n";
    std::cout << "int, float, double的公共類型: " << typeid(type2).name() << "\n";
    
    // 2. 使用decay去掉引用和const
    using decayed = std::decay_t<const int&>;
    std::cout << "const int& decay后: " << typeid(decayed).name() << "\n";
    
    // 3. 判斷類型特性
    std::cout << "vector<int>是容器: " 
              << std::boolalpha 
              << std::is_same_v<decltype(std::begin(std::vector<int>{})),
                               typename std::vector<int>::iterator> << "\n";
    
    // 4. 條件類型選擇
    constexpr bool use_vector = true;
    using Container = std::conditional_t<use_vector, 
                                        std::vector<int>, 
                                        std::list<int>>;
    
    Container c = {1, 2, 3};
    std::cout << "使用的容器類型: " << typeid(c).name() << "\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>

void smart_pointers_with_containers() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 智能指針與容器 ===\n";
    
    // 1. 容器存儲unique_ptr
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> vec;
    
    vec.push_back(std::make_unique<int>(10));
    vec.push_back(std::make_unique<int>(20));
    vec.push_back(std::make_unique<int>(30));
    
    // 遍歷unique_ptr容器
    for (const auto& ptr : vec) {
        std::cout << *ptr << " ";
    }
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 2. 容器存儲shared_ptr
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<int>> shared_vec;
    
    auto p1 = std::make_shared<int>(100);
    auto p2 = p1;  // 共享所有權(quán)
    
    shared_vec.push_back(p1);
    shared_vec.push_back(p2);
    
    std::cout << "引用計數(shù): " << p1.use_count() << "\n";
    
    // 3. 使用weak_ptr避免循環(huán)引用
    struct Node {
        std::weak_ptr<Node> next;
        int value;
        
        Node(int v) : value(v) {}
    };
    
    auto node1 = std::make_shared<Node>(1);
    auto node2 = std::make_shared<Node>(2);
    
    node1->next = node2;
    node2->next = node1;  // weak_ptr不會增加引用計數(shù)
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <list>
#include <chrono>
#include <algorithm>

void performance_optimization() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 性能優(yōu)化技巧 ===\n";
    
    const size_t N = 1000000;
    
    // 1. 預(yù)分配內(nèi)存
    {
        std::vector<int> v1;
        auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
            v1.push_back(i);
        }
        auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start);
        std::cout << "無預(yù)分配插入" << N << "個元素: " << duration.count() << " ms\n";
    }
    
    {
        std::vector<int> v2;
        v2.reserve(N);
        auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
            v2.push_back(i);
        }
        auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        auto duration = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start);
        std::cout << "預(yù)分配后插入" << N << "個元素: " << duration.count() << " ms\n";
    }
    
    // 2. 使用emplace代替insert
    std::vector<std::pair<int, std::string>> v;
    
    // 低效：創(chuàng)建臨時對象然后復(fù)制
    v.push_back(std::make_pair(1, "one"));
    
    // 高效：直接在容器中構(gòu)造
    v.emplace_back(2, "two");
    
    // 3. 使用移動語義
    std::string large_string = "這是一個很長的字符串...";
    
    std::vector<std::string> strings;
    strings.push_back(std::move(large_string));  // 移動而非復(fù)制
    
    // 4. 選擇合適的算法
    std::vector<int> data(N);
    std::iota(data.begin(), data.end(), 0);
    
    // 線性查找
    auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    auto it1 = std::find(data.begin(), data.end(), N/2);
    auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    auto duration1 = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start);
    
    // 二分查找（需要先排序）
    std::sort(data.begin(), data.end());
    start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    bool found = std::binary_search(data.begin(), data.end(), N/2);
    end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    auto duration2 = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start);
    
    std::cout << "線性查找時間: " << duration1.count() << " μs\n";
    std::cout << "二分查找時間: " << duration2.count() << " μs\n";
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>
#include <list>

// 簡單的內(nèi)存池分配器
template<typename T>
class SimplePoolAllocator {
public:
    using value_type = T;
    
    SimplePoolAllocator() = default;
    
    template<typename U>
    SimplePoolAllocator(const SimplePoolAllocator<U>&) {}
    
    T* allocate(std::size_t n) {
        std::cout << "分配 " << n << " 個 " << typeid(T).name() << " 對象\n";
        return static_cast<T*>(::operator new(n * sizeof(T)));
    }
    
    void deallocate(T* p, std::size_t n) {
        std::cout << "釋放 " << n << " 個 " << typeid(T).name() << " 對象\n";
        ::operator delete(p);
    }
};

template<typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(const SimplePoolAllocator<T>&, const SimplePoolAllocator<U>&) {
    return true;
}

template<typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(const SimplePoolAllocator<T>&, const SimplePoolAllocator<U>&) {
    return false;
}

void custom_allocator_example() {
    std::cout << "\n=== 自定義分配器示例 ===\n";
    
    // 使用自定義分配器的vector
    std::vector<int, SimplePoolAllocator<int>> vec;
    
    vec.push_back(1);
    vec.push_back(2);
    vec.push_back(3);
    
    std::cout << "vector元素: ";
    for (int x : vec) std::cout << x << " ";
    std::cout << "\n";
    
    // 使用自定義分配器的list
    std::list<int, SimplePoolAllocator<int>> lst;
    
    lst.push_back(10);
    lst.push_back(20);
    lst.push_back(30);
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>

struct Student {
    int id;
    std::string name;
    std::map<std::string, double> scores;  // 科目 -> 分?jǐn)?shù)
    
    double average_score() const {
        if (scores.empty()) return 0.0;
        double sum = std::accumulate(scores.begin(), scores.end(), 0.0,
            [](double acc, const auto& pair) { return acc + pair.second; });
        return sum / scores.size();
    }
    
    void add_score(const std::string& subject, double score) {
        scores[subject] = score;
    }
};

class GradeBook {
private:
    std::vector<Student> students;
    std::set<std::string> subjects;
    
public:
    // 添加學(xué)生
    void add_student(int id, const std::string& name) {
        students.push_back({id, name, {}});
    }
    
    // 添加成績
    void add_score(int student_id, const std::string& subject, double score) {
        auto it = std::find_if(students.begin(), students.end(),
                              [student_id](const Student& s) { 
                                  return s.id == student_id; 
                              });
        if (it != students.end()) {
            it->add_score(subject, score);
            subjects.insert(subject);
        }
    }
    
    // 計算每個學(xué)生的平均分
    std::map<int, double> calculate_averages() const {
        std::map<int, double> result;
        for (const auto& student : students) {
            result[student.id] = student.average_score();
        }
        return result;
    }
    
    // 按平均分排序?qū)W生
    std::vector<std::pair<int, double>> sort_by_average() const {
        auto averages = calculate_averages();
        std::vector<std::pair<int, double>> sorted(averages.begin(), averages.end());
        
        std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(),
                 [](const auto& a, const auto& b) {
                     return a.second > b.second;  // 降序
                 });
        
        return sorted;
    }
    
    // 計算每科平均分
    std::map<std::string, double> calculate_subject_averages() const {
        std::map<std::string, double> result;
        
        for (const auto& subject : subjects) {
            double sum = 0.0;
            int count = 0;
            
            for (const auto& student : students) {
                auto it = student.scores.find(subject);
                if (it != student.scores.end()) {
                    sum += it->second;
                    ++count;
                }
            }
            
            if (count > 0) {
                result[subject] = sum / count;
            }
        }
        
        return result;
    }
    
    // 生成報告
    void generate_report() const {
        std::cout << "\n=== 學(xué)生成績報告 ===\n";
        
        // 學(xué)生成績表
        std::cout << "\n學(xué)生成績詳情:\n";
        std::cout << std::setw(5) << "ID" 
                  << std::setw(10) << "姓名";
        
        for (const auto& subject : subjects) {
            std::cout << std::setw(10) << subject;
        }
        std::cout << std::setw(10) << "平均分\n";
        
        for (const auto& student : students) {
            std::cout << std::setw(5) << student.id 
                      << std::setw(10) << student.name;
            
            for (const auto& subject : subjects) {
                auto it = student.scores.find(subject);
                if (it != student.scores.end()) {
                    std::cout << std::setw(10) << std::fixed 
                              << std::setprecision(2) << it->second;
                } else {
                    std::cout << std::setw(10) << "N/A";
                }
            }
            
            std::cout << std::setw(10) << std::fixed 
                      << std::setprecision(2) << student.average_score() << "\n";
        }
        
        // 按平均分排序
        std::cout << "\n按平均分排名:\n";
        auto sorted = sort_by_average();
        for (size_t i = 0; i < sorted.size(); ++i) {
            std::cout << i + 1 << ". 學(xué)生ID: " << sorted[i].first 
                      << ", 平均分: " << sorted[i].second << "\n";
        }
        
        // 科目平均分
        std::cout << "\n科目平均分:\n";
        auto subject_averages = calculate_subject_averages();
        for (const auto& [subject, avg] : subject_averages) {
            std::cout << subject << ": " << avg << "\n";
        }
    }
};

int main() {
    GradeBook gradebook;
    
    // 添加學(xué)生
    gradebook.add_student(1, "張三");
    gradebook.add_student(2, "李四");
    gradebook.add_student(3, "王五");
    
    // 添加成績
    gradebook.add_score(1, "數(shù)學(xué)", 85.5);
    gradebook.add_score(1, "英語", 90.0);
    gradebook.add_score(1, "物理", 88.0);
    
    gradebook.add_score(2, "數(shù)學(xué)", 78.0);
    gradebook.add_score(2, "英語", 85.0);
    gradebook.add_score(2, "物理", 92.5);
    
    gradebook.add_score(3, "數(shù)學(xué)", 92.0);
    gradebook.add_score(3, "英語", 88.5);
    gradebook.add_score(3, "物理", 95.0);
    
    // 生成報告
    gradebook.generate_report();
    
    return 0;
}