簡單談談java的異常處理(Try Catch Finally)
異常的英文單詞是exception,字面翻譯就是“意外、例外”的意思,也就是非正常情況。事實上,異常本質(zhì)上是程序上的錯誤,包括程序邏輯錯誤和系統(tǒng)錯誤。
一 前言
java異常處理大家都不陌生,總的來說有下面兩點:
1.拋出異常:throw exception
class SimpleException{
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
};
}
2.捕獲異常:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
SimpleException se = new SimpleException();
try {
se.a();
} catch (Exception e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class SimpleException{
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
};
}
本文將在此基礎上,更加深入的談一些細節(jié)問題。
二 自定義異常類
java語言為我們提供了很多異常類,但是有時候我們?yōu)榱藢懘a的方便還是要自定義的去創(chuàng)造異常類:
class SimpleException extends Exception {};
創(chuàng)建好之后我們可以使用try catch捕獲它:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
try {
e.a();
} catch (SimpleException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws SimpleException{
throw new SimpleException();
}
}
class SimpleException extends Exception {};
我們在MyException中定義了一個方法a(),讓它拋出SimpleException異常,然后我們在main()中調(diào)用這個方法,并使用try catch捕獲了這個異常:
SimpleException at MyException.a(MyException.java:15) at MyException.main(MyException.java:8) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:144) Process finished with exit code 0
編譯執(zhí)行后的結(jié)果,主要看前三行就行了。這里著重說明幾點:
1.拋出異常類型的指定:(exception specification)
當我們需要在一個方法中拋出一個異常時,我們使用throw后加某異常類的實例,程序會在此向客戶端程序(調(diào)用這段代碼的程序)拋出對應異常并在此退出(相當于return)。另外需要注意的是,我們必須在定義該方法的時候指明異常類型,比如下面這段代碼會拋出SimpleException異常
public void a() throws SimpleException
2.拋出多個異常:
public void a() throws SimpleException,AException,BException{
throw new SimpleException();
}
不同的異常類之間用逗號隔開即可,在這種情況下我們不必須throw每個異常類的實例(),但是客戶端代碼必須要catch到每個異常類:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
try {
e.a();
} catch (SimpleException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
} catch (BException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
} catch (AException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws SimpleException,AException,BException{
throw new SimpleException();
}
}
class SimpleException extends Exception {};
class AException extends Exception{}
class BException extends Exception{}
三 stack trace
無論是拋出異常,或者是捕獲處理異常,我們的目的是為了寫出更健壯的程序,這很大程度上依賴于java異常機制給我們提供的異常信息,而它的載體就是stack trace。
前面的代碼中我們直接使用printStackTrace()打印出異常信息,其實我們還可以使用getStackTrace()方法來獲取StackTraceElement型的集合,如果你手頭有IDEA的話,你可以先搜索出StackTraceElement類,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它實現(xiàn)了接口Serializable ,再看看它的類描述:
/**
* An element in a stack trace, as returned by {@link
* Throwable#getStackTrace()}. Each element represents a single stack frame.
* All stack frames except for the one at the top of the stack represent
* a method invocation. The frame at the top of the stack represents the
* execution point at which the stack trace was generated. Typically,
* this is the point at which the throwable corresponding to the stack trace
* was created.
*
* @since 1.4
* @author Josh Bloch
*/
講的很清楚,這個類的每個實例都是stack trace的一個元素,代表著一個stack frame,stack trace是由getStackTrace()方法返回的。后邊的我試著翻譯了幾遍,都覺得不好,還是直接上代碼才能說清楚:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
e.a();
public void a(){
try {
throw new Exception();
} catch (Exception e) {
StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();
System.out.println(ste.length);
}
}
}
我們定義了方法a,讓它拋出Exception異常的同時捕獲它,然后我們通過getStackTrace()方法得到一個StackTraceElement型的數(shù)組,并打印出數(shù)組的長度:
7
Process finished with exit code 0
我們把代碼稍微改一下,不在a中捕獲異常了,我們重新定義一個方法b,讓它在調(diào)用a的同時將異常捕獲:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException e = new MyException();
e.b();
}
public void b(){
try {
a();
} catch (Exception e) {
StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();
System.out.println(ste.length);
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
}
}
結(jié)果如下:
8
Process finished with exit code 0
別急,我們再來看點有趣的:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException exception = new MyException();
try {
exception.c();
} catch (Exception e) {
StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();
System.out.println(ste.length);
System.out.println("---------------------------------------------------------------");
for (StackTraceElement s : e.getStackTrace()){
System.out.println(s.getClassName()+":method "+s.getMethodName()+" at line"+s.getLineNumber());
}
System.out.println("---------------------------------------------------------------");
}
}
public void c() throws Exception{
try {
a();
}catch (Exception e){
throw e;
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception();
}
}
下面是結(jié)果:
8 --------------------------------------------------------------- MyException:method a at line43 MyException:method c at line39 MyException:method main at line9 sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke0 at line-2 sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke at line57 sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke at line43 java.lang.reflect.Method:method invoke at line606 com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain:method main at line144 --------------------------------------------------------------- Process finished with exit code 0
也就是說,getStackTrace()返回一個棧,它包含從調(diào)用者(main())到初始拋出異常者(a())的一些基本信息 ,在上面的代碼中,我們在c方法中調(diào)用a方法時捕獲異常并通過throws將其再次拋出(rethrow),調(diào)用c方法的方法可以捕獲并處理異常,也可以選擇繼續(xù)拋出讓更高層次的調(diào)用者(靠近棧底)處理。rethrow雖然很方便,但存在著一些問題,我們看下面這段代碼:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException exception = new MyException();
try {
exception.c();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
}
public void c() throws Exception{
try {
a();
}catch (Exception e){
throw e;
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception("Exception from a()");
}
}
java.lang.Exception: Exception from a()
at MyException.a(MyException.java:40)
at MyException.c(MyException.java:30)
at MyException.main(MyException.java:21)
我們在c中重新拋出e,在main中使用 e.printStackTrace()打印出來,可以看到打印出來stack trace還是屬于a的,如果我們想把stack trace變成c的可以這么寫:
public class MyException {
public static void main(String[] args){
MyException exception = new MyException();
try {
exception.c();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
}
public void c() throws Exception{
try {
a();
}catch (Exception e){
// throw e;
throw (Exception)e.fillInStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws Exception{
throw new Exception("Exception from a()");
}
}
java.lang.Exception: Exception from a()
at MyException.c(MyException.java:22)
at MyException.main(MyException.java:10)
四 異常鏈 Exception chaining
先來看一個場景:
public class TestException {
public static void main(String[] args){
TestException testException = new TestException();
try {
testException.c();
} catch (CException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws AException{
AException aException = new AException("this is a exception");
throw aException;
}
public void b() throws BException{
try {
a();
} catch (AException e) {
throw new BException("this is b exception");
}
}
public void c() throws CException{
try {
b();
} catch (BException e) {
throw new CException("this is c exception");
}
}
}
class AException extends Exception{
public AException(String msg){
super(msg);
}
}
class BException extends Exception{
public BException(String msg){
super(msg);
}
}
class CException extends Exception{
public CException(String msg){
super(msg);
}
}
創(chuàng)建了三個異常類AException、BException、CException,然后在a()中拋出AException,在b()中捕獲AException并拋出BException,最后在c()中捕獲BException并拋出CException,結(jié)果打印如下:
CException: this is c exception at TestException.c(TestException.java:31) at TestException.main(TestException.java:8)
好,我們只看到了CException的信息,AException,BException的異常信息已丟失,這時候異常鏈的作用就出來了,看代碼:
public class TestException {
public static void main(String[] args){
TestException testException = new TestException();
try {
testException.c();
} catch (CException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void a() throws AException{
AException aException = new AException("this is a exception");
throw aException;
}
public void b() throws BException{
try {
a();
} catch (AException e) {
// throw new BException("this is b exception");
BException bException = new BException("this is b exception");
bException.initCause(e);
throw bException;
}
}
public void c() throws CException{
try {
b();
} catch (BException e) {
// throw new CException("this is c exception");
CException cException = new CException("this is c exception");
cException.initCause(e);
throw cException;
}
}
}
class AException extends Exception{
public AException(String msg){
super(msg);
}
}
class BException extends Exception{
public BException(String msg){
super(msg);
}
}
class CException extends Exception{
public CException(String msg){
super(msg);
}
}
我們用initCause()方法將異常信息給串聯(lián)了起來,結(jié)果如下:
CException: this is c exception at TestException.c(TestException.java:35) at TestException.main(TestException.java:8) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:144) Caused by: BException: this is b exception at TestException.b(TestException.java:24) at TestException.c(TestException.java:32) ... 6 more Caused by: AException: this is a exception at TestException.a(TestException.java:15) at TestException.b(TestException.java:21) ... 7 more Process finished with exit code 0
五 后記
其實關(guān)于java異常處理還有很多需要探討的地方,但是由于我經(jīng)驗有限,還不能體會的太深刻,最常用的也就是
try {
...
}catch (Exception e){
...
}finally {
//不管異常會不會被捕捉或者處理都會執(zhí)行的代碼,如關(guān)閉IO操作
}
但是無論如何我們還是要感謝java給我們提供的異常機制,它好似一個長者,時不時給我們指引道路,也讓我們在編碼的時候沒有那么無聊:)
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