Python的自動化部署模塊Fabric的安裝及使用指南

更新時間：2016年01月19日 15:47:15 作者：樂晨

這篇文章主要介紹了Python的自動化部署模塊Fabric的安裝及使用指南,文中以Debian系統(tǒng)為環(huán)境進(jìn)行了實例演示,需要的朋友可以參考下

fabric是python2.5或者更高的庫,可以通過ssh在多個host上批量執(zhí)行任務(wù).完成系統(tǒng)管理任務(wù).它提供一套基本操作在本地和遠(yuǎn)程執(zhí)行shell命令,或者上傳下載文件,輔助提供用戶輸入或終止執(zhí)行.

下面安裝fabric模塊有2種方法:

1.使用easy_install(下面是debain5環(huán)境)

root@10.1.6.200:pshell# apt-get install python-dev (安裝Python頭文件)
 
root@10.1.6.200:pshell# apt-get install python-setuptools (安裝easy_install)
 
root@10.1.6.200:pshell# wget http://peak.telecommunity.com/dist/ez_setup.py
 
root@10.1.6.200:pshell# python ez_setup.py
 
root@10.1.6.200:pshell# easy_install fabric

Searching for fabric
Reading http://pypi.python.org/simple/fabric/
Best match: Fabric 1.6.1
Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/F/Fabric/Fabric-1.6.1.tar.gz#md5=c318ac3f7011ede0be1ca9a20f435735
Processing Fabric-1.6.1.tar.gz
Running Fabric-1.6.1/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-CVuLrs/Fabric-1.6.1/egg-dist-tmp-ZFNoWY
warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory 'docs/_build'
warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyc' found under directory 'tests'
warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyo' found under directory 'tests'
zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...
fabric.version: module references __file__
Adding Fabric 1.6.1 to easy-install.pth file
Installing fab script to /usr/bin
....
Installed /usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/pycrypto-2.6-py2.5-linux-x86_64.egg
Finished processing dependencies for fabric

2.使用pip(下面使用的是debian7環(huán)境)

apt-get install python-pip
pip install fabric
apt-get install python-paramiko

導(dǎo)入模塊未報錯說明安裝成功.

實例:

1.在調(diào)用fabric的時候使用命令行參數(shù),-H 指定哪臺主機(jī)

root@10.1.6.201:python# cat fabfile4.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding=utf-8
from fabric.api import *
 
def printMem():
   cmd_output = run('free -m')
   print cmd_output

root@10.1.6.201:python# fab -H root@10.1.1.45 printMem -f fabfile4.py
[root@10.1.1.45] Executing task 'printMem'
[root@10.1.1.45] run: free -m
[root@10.1.1.45] Login password for 'root': #提示輸入密碼
[root@10.1.1.45] out:       total    used    free   shared  buffers   cached
[root@10.1.1.45] out: Mem:     1005    968     37     0     36    831
[root@10.1.1.45] out: -/+ buffers/cache:    100    904
[root@10.1.1.45] out: Swap:     1913     0    1913
[root@10.1.1.45] out:

total    used    free   shared  buffers   cached
Mem:     1005    968     37     0     36    831
-/+ buffers/cache:    100    904
Swap:     1913     0    1913
 
Done.
Disconnecting from 10.1.1.45:22000... done.

2.以上我們需要輸入密碼才能完成操作,怎樣自動執(zhí)行呢?可以在fabfile4文件中配置HOST.也就是環(huán)境變量.

root@10.1.6.201:python# vim fabfile.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding=utf-8
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.context_managers import *
 
env.host_string = '10.1.1.45'
env.port = '22000'       #默認(rèn)端口22,默認(rèn)登錄用戶root
env.password='passwd'
 
def test1():
  with cd('/home'):
    run('ls -l')
 
test1()

root@10.1.6.201:python# python fabfile.py  #腳本執(zhí)行

[10.1.1.45] run: ls -l
[10.1.1.45] out: total 8
[10.1.1.45] out: drwxr-xr-x 2 debian debian 4096 2012-08-27 11:54 debian
[10.1.1.45] out: drwxr-xr-x 2 root  nogroup 4096 2013-05-22 18:07 ftp
[10.1.1.45] out:

root@10.1.6.201:python# vim fabfile1.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding=utf-8
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.context_managers import *
 
env.hosts = ['10.1.6.200','10.1.1.45']
env.port = '22000'
env.password='passwd'
 
def test1():
  with cd('/home'): #更改目錄
    run('ls -l')

root@10.1.6.201:python# fab test1 -f fabfile.py #使用fab指定任務(wù)執(zhí)行,注意文件后默認(rèn)跟fabfile.py

[10.1.6.200] Executing task 'test1'
[10.1.6.200] run: ls -l
[10.1.6.200] out: total 24
[10.1.6.200] out: drwxr-xr-x 2 davehe davehe 4096 2013-02-27 10:00 davehe
[10.1.6.200] out: -rw-r--r-- 1 root  root  1990 2013-02-27 09:55 davehe.tar.gz
[10.1.6.200] out: -rw-r--r-- 1 root  root  396 2013-05-17 18:27 rsync_log_130517
[10.1.6.200] out: -rw-r--r-- 1 root  root  7916 2013-05-20 21:04 rsync_log_130520
[10.1.6.200] out: drwxr-xr-x 2 taomee taomee 4096 2013-01-29 04:27 taomee
[10.1.6.200] out: 
 
[10.1.1.45] Executing task 'test1'
[10.1.1.45] run: ls -l
[10.1.1.45] out: total 8
[10.1.1.45] out: drwxr-xr-x 2 debian debian 4096 2012-08-27 11:54 debian
[10.1.1.45] out: drwxr-xr-x 2 root  nogroup 4096 2013-05-22 18:07 ftp
[10.1.1.45] out: 
 
 
Done.
Disconnecting from 10.1.1.45:22000... done.
Disconnecting from 10.1.6.200:22000... done.

3.使用get/put.利用sftp協(xié)議上傳下載文件

root@10.1.6.201:python# cat fabfile1.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding=utf-8
from fabric.api import *
from fabric.colors import *
from fabric.context_managers import *
 
env.hosts = ['10.1.1.45']
env.port = '22000'
env.password='passwd'
 
def test1():
  print(red("i'm 201"))
  local('ls -l /tmp')
 
def test2():
  print (green("i'm get file 45 to 186"))
  get('/home/ftp/a.txt','/tmp/') #下載
#  put('/tmp/','/home/ftp/') #上傳
  local('ls -l /tmp')  #local運(yùn)行本地命令
 
 
def final():
  execute(test1)
  execute(test2)

root@10.1.6.201:python# fab final -f fabfile1.py

[10.1.1.45] Executing task 'final'
[10.1.1.45] Executing task 'test1'
i'm 201
[localhost] local: ls -l /tmp
total 31684
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 conf
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 etc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   6797 May 13 22:08 init
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32400896 May 13 22:07 initrd.img-3.2.0-4-amd64
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 run
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 scripts
[10.1.1.45] Executing task 'test2'
i'm get file 45 to 186
[10.1.1.45] download: /tmp/a.txt <- /home/ftp/a.txt
[localhost] local: ls -l /tmp
total 31688
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    6 May 29 22:29 a.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 conf
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 etc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   6797 May 13 22:08 init
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32400896 May 13 22:07 initrd.img-3.2.0-4-amd64
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 run
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root   4096 May 13 22:08 scripts
 
Done.
Disconnecting from 10.1.1.45:22000... done.

上面實例中只列舉了幾個常用的farbic環(huán)境變量.如env.hosts,env.password等,可以不需要交互輸入密碼.

以下還有常用環(huán)境變量以供參考:

exclude_hosts:指定一個主機(jī)列表，在fab執(zhí)行時，忽略列表中的機(jī)器
user:ssh使用哪個用戶登錄遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)
hosts :全局的host列表
host_string :當(dāng)fabric連接遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)器執(zhí)行run、put時，設(shè)置的user/host/port等
password:默認(rèn)ssh連接遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)密碼,也可以是sudo提示輸入密碼
password:一個字典供內(nèi)部使用,為每臺主機(jī)host設(shè)置密碼,key是主機(jī),value值存放密碼
port:設(shè)置默認(rèn)端口
roledefs:使用字典定義角色名字對應(yīng)的主機(jī)ip
roles:一個全局的role列表

from fabric.api import run, roles
 
env.roledefs = {
  'db': ['db1', 'db2'],
  'web': ['web1', 'web2', 'web3'],
}
 
@roles('db')
def migrate():
  # Database stuff here.
  pass
 
@roles('web')
def update():
  # Code updates here.
  pass

fab也可以使用命令設(shè)置環(huán)境變量,常用命令