舉例講解Java的Hibernate框架中的多對一和一對多映射
多對一(Many-to-One)映射
多對一(many-to-one)關(guān)聯(lián)是最常見的關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系,其中一個對象可以與多個對象相關(guān)聯(lián)。例如,一個相同的地址對象可以與多個雇員的對象相關(guān)聯(lián)。
定義RDBMS表:
考慮一個情況,我們需要員工記錄存儲在EMPLOYEE表,將有以下結(jié)構(gòu):
create table EMPLOYEE ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL, last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL, salary INT default NULL, address INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
此外,許多員工都可以有相同的地址,所以這種關(guān)聯(lián)可以使用許多一對一的關(guān)聯(lián)呈現(xiàn)。我們將存儲地址相關(guān)的信息在一個單獨的表,該表具有以下結(jié)構(gòu):
create table ADDRESS ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, street_name VARCHAR(40) default NULL, city_name VARCHAR(40) default NULL, state_name VARCHAR(40) default NULL, zipcode VARCHAR(10) default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
同時創(chuàng)建RBDMS表,并讓他們準備下一個實現(xiàn)。
定義POJO類:
讓我們實現(xiàn)一個POJO類員工將被用于保存與EMPLOYEE表的對象和其地址類型的變量。
import java.util.*;
public class Employee{
private int id;
private String firstName;
private String lastName;
private int salary;
private Address address;
public Employee() {}
public Employee(String fname, String lname,
int salary, Address address ) {
this.firstName = fname;
this.lastName = lname;
this.salary = salary;
this.address = address;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
this.firstName = first_name;
}
public String getLastName() {
return lastName;
}
public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
this.lastName = last_name;
}
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary( int salary ) {
this.salary = salary;
}
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress( Address address ) {
this.address = address;
}
}
我們需要定義相應的地址表,這樣地址對象可以存儲和檢索到地址表中的另一個POJO類。
import java.util.*;
public class Address{
private int id;
private String street;
private String city;
private String state;
private String zipcode;
public Address() {}
public Address(String street, String city,
String state, String zipcode) {
this.street = street;
this.city = city;
this.state = state;
this.zipcode = zipcode;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId( int id ) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getStreet() {
return street;
}
public void setStreet( String street ) {
this.street = street;
}
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity( String city ) {
this.city = city;
}
public String getState() {
return state;
}
public void setState( String state ) {
this.state = state;
}
public String getZipcode() {
return zipcode;
}
public void setZipcode( String zipcode ) {
this.zipcode = zipcode;
}
}
定義Hibernate映射文件:
開發(fā)我們的映射文件,可指示Hibernate如何定義的類映射到數(shù)據(jù)庫表。<many-to-one>進行元素將被用來定義規(guī)則建立Employee和Address實體之間的多對一關(guān)系。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the employee detail.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
<property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
<property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
<many-to-one name="address" column="address"
class="Address" not-null="true"/>
</class>
<class name="Address" table="ADDRESS">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the address detail.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="street" column="street_name" type="string"/>
<property name="city" column="city_name" type="string"/>
<property name="state" column="state_name" type="string"/>
<property name="zipcode" column="zipcode" type="string"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
應該保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。保存映射文件中的文件Employee.hbm.xml。已經(jīng)熟悉了大部分的映射細節(jié),但讓我們再次看看映射文件中的所有元素:
映射文檔是具有<hibernate-mapping>為對應于每一個類包含2個<class>元素的根元素的XML文檔。
<class>元素被用于定義數(shù)據(jù)庫表從一個Java類特定的映射。 Java類名指定使用class元素的name屬性和使用表屬性數(shù)據(jù)庫表名指定。
<meta>元素是可選元素,可以用來創(chuàng)建類的描述。
<id>元素映射在類中的唯一ID屬性到數(shù)據(jù)庫表的主鍵。 id元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型,這種類型的映射將會從Java轉(zhuǎn)換為SQL數(shù)據(jù)類型。
id元素內(nèi)<generator>元素被用來自動生成的主鍵值。將生成元素class屬性設置為原生讓Hibernate拾取無論是identity,sequence或者hilo的算法來創(chuàng)建主鍵根據(jù)底層數(shù)據(jù)庫的支持能力。
<property>元素用于一個Java類的屬性映射到數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的列。元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型,這種類型的映射將會從Java轉(zhuǎn)換為SQL數(shù)據(jù)類型。
<many-to-one>進行元素是用來設置EMPLOYEE和地址的實體之間的關(guān)系。name屬性被設置為在父類中定義的變量,在我們的情況下,它是地址。列屬性用于在父表EMPLOYEE集的列名。
最后,我們將創(chuàng)建應用程序類的main()方法來運行應用程序。我們將使用這個應用程序,以節(jié)省一些employee連同的記錄他們的地址,然后我們將申請CRUD操作上的記錄。
import java.util.*;
import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class ManageEmployee {
private static SessionFactory factory;
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
}catch (Throwable ex) {
System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();
/* Let us have one address object */
Address address = ME.addAddress("Kondapur","Hyderabad","AP","532");
/* Add employee records in the database */
Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, address);
/* Add another employee record in the database */
Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, address);
/* List down all the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
/* Update employee's salary records */
ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);
/* Delete an employee from the database */
ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);
/* List down all the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
}
/* Method to add an address record in the database */
public Address addAddress(String street, String city,
String state, String zipcode) {
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
Integer addressID = null;
Address address = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
address = new Address(street, city, state, zipcode);
addressID = (Integer) session.save(address);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
return address;
}
/* Method to add an employee record in the database */
public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname,
int salary, Address address){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
Integer employeeID = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary, address);
employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
return employeeID;
}
/* Method to list all the employees detail */
public void listEmployees( ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list();
for (Iterator iterator =
employees.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();){
Employee employee = (Employee) iterator.next();
System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName());
System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
Address add = employee.getAddress();
System.out.println("Address ");
System.out.println(" Street: " + add.getStreet());
System.out.println(" City: " + add.getCity());
System.out.println(" State: " + add.getState());
System.out.println(" Zipcode: " + add.getZipcode());
}
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to update salary for an employee */
public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
employee.setSalary( salary );
session.update(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to delete an employee from the records */
public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
session.delete(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
}
編譯和執(zhí)行:
下面是步驟來編譯并運行上述應用程序。請確保已在進行的編譯和執(zhí)行之前,適當?shù)卦O置PATH和CLASSPATH。
- 創(chuàng)建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件中配置章節(jié)解釋。
- 創(chuàng)建Employee.hbm.xml映射文件,如上圖所示。
- 創(chuàng)建Employee.java源文件,如上圖所示,并編譯它。
- 創(chuàng)建Address.java源文件,如上圖所示,并編譯它。
- 創(chuàng)建ManageEmployee.java源文件,如上圖所示,并編譯它。
- 執(zhí)行ManageEmployee二進制文件來運行程序。
在屏幕上獲得以下結(jié)果,并同時記錄會在員工和地址表創(chuàng)建。
$java ManageEmployee
.......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........
First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 4000
Address
Street: Kondapur
City: Hyderabad
State: AP
Zipcode: 532
First Name: Dilip Last Name: Kumar Salary: 3000
Address
Street: Kondapur
City: Hyderabad
State: AP
Zipcode: 532
First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 5000
Address
Street: Kondapur
City: Hyderabad
State: AP
Zipcode: 532
如果檢查員工和地址表,就應該記錄下了:
mysql> select * from EMPLOYEE;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+---------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | address | +----+------------+-----------+--------+---------+ | 1 | Manoj | Kumar | 5000 | 5 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from ADDRESS;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+ | id | street_name | city_name | state_name | zipcode | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+ | 1 | Kondapur | Hyderabad | AP | 532 | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+---------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
一對多(One-to-Many)映射
一對多的映射可以使用一組Java集合不包含任何重復的元素來實現(xiàn)。我們已經(jīng)看到了如何設置映射集合在Hibernate中,所以如果你已經(jīng)學會了集合(Set)映射,那么所有設置可用于一對多的映射。
集合被映射到與映射表中<set>元素,并java.util.HashSet中初始化。您可以使用Set集合在類中,有一個集合中不需要重復的元素。
RDBMS表與POJO類我們依然采用上面例子中定義好的,
定義Hibernate映射文件:
讓我們指示Hibernate如何定義的類映射到數(shù)據(jù)庫表的映射文件。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the employee detail.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<set name="certificates" cascade="all">
<key column="employee_id"/>
<one-to-many class="Certificate"/>
</set>
<property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/>
<property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/>
<property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/>
</class>
<class name="Certificate" table="CERTIFICATE">
<meta attribute="class-description">
This class contains the certificate records.
</meta>
<id name="id" type="int" column="id">
<generator class="native"/>
</id>
<property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
應該保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。我們保存映射文件中的文件Employee.hbm.xml。你已經(jīng)熟悉了大部分的映射細節(jié),但讓我們再次看看映射文件中的所有元素:
映射文檔是具有<hibernate-mapping>為對應于每一個類包含2個<class>元素的根元素的XML文檔。
<class>元素被用于定義數(shù)據(jù)庫表從一個Java類特定的映射。 Java類名指定使用class元素的name屬性和使用表屬性數(shù)據(jù)庫表名指定。
<meta>元素是可選元素,可以用來創(chuàng)建類的描述。
<id>元素映射在類中的唯一ID屬性到數(shù)據(jù)庫表的主鍵。 id元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型,這種類型的映射將會從Java轉(zhuǎn)換為SQL數(shù)據(jù)類型。
id元素內(nèi)的<generator>元素被用來自動生成的主鍵值。將生成元素的class屬性設置為原生讓Hibernate拾取identity,sequence或者hilo中的算法來創(chuàng)建主鍵根據(jù)底層數(shù)據(jù)庫的支持能力。
<property>元素用于一個Java類的屬性映射到數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的列。元素的name屬性是指屬性的類和column屬性是指在數(shù)據(jù)庫表中的列。 type屬性保存了Hibernate映射類型,這種類型的映射將會從Java轉(zhuǎn)換為SQL數(shù)據(jù)類型。
<set>元素設置證書和Employee類之間的關(guān)系。我們使用cascade屬性中<set>元素來告訴Hibernate來保存證書的對象,同時為Employee對象。 name屬性被設置為在父類中定義的變量集,在我們的例子是證書。對于每一組變量,我們需要定義在映射文件中單獨的一組元素。
<key>元素是包含外鍵的父對象,即在證書表中的列。表EMPLOYEE。
<one-to-many>元素表示一個Employee對象涉及到很多證書的對象。
創(chuàng)建應用程序類:
最后,我們將創(chuàng)建應用程序類的main()方法來運行應用程序。我們將使用這個應用程序,以節(jié)省一些員工連同記錄證書,然后我們將應用上CRUD操作記錄。
import java.util.*;
import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class ManageEmployee {
private static SessionFactory factory;
public static void main(String[] args) {
try{
factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
}catch (Throwable ex) {
System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee();
/* Let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */
HashSet set1 = new HashSet();
set1.add(new Certificate("MCA"));
set1.add(new Certificate("MBA"));
set1.add(new Certificate("PMP"));
/* Add employee records in the database */
Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, set1);
/* Another set of certificates for the second employee */
HashSet set2 = new HashSet();
set2.add(new Certificate("BCA"));
set2.add(new Certificate("BA"));
/* Add another employee record in the database */
Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, set2);
/* List down all the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
/* Update employee's salary records */
ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000);
/* Delete an employee from the database */
ME.deleteEmployee(empID2);
/* List down all the employees */
ME.listEmployees();
}
/* Method to add an employee record in the database */
public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname,
int salary, Set cert){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
Integer employeeID = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary);
employee.setCertificates(cert);
employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
return employeeID;
}
/* Method to list all the employees detail */
public void listEmployees( ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list();
for (Iterator iterator1 =
employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasNext();){
Employee employee = (Employee) iterator1.next();
System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName());
System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName());
System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary());
Set certificates = employee.getCertificates();
for (Iterator iterator2 =
certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasNext();){
Certificate certName = (Certificate) iterator2.next();
System.out.println("Certificate: " + certName.getName());
}
}
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to update salary for an employee */
public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
employee.setSalary( salary );
session.update(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
/* Method to delete an employee from the records */
public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){
Session session = factory.openSession();
Transaction tx = null;
try{
tx = session.beginTransaction();
Employee employee =
(Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID);
session.delete(employee);
tx.commit();
}catch (HibernateException e) {
if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
session.close();
}
}
}
編譯和執(zhí)行:
$java ManageEmployee
.......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........ First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 4000 Certificate: MBA Certificate: PMP Certificate: MCA First Name: Dilip Last Name: Kumar Salary: 3000 Certificate: BCA Certificate: BA First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 5000 Certificate: MBA Certificate: PMP Certificate: MCA
如果檢查員工和證書表,就應該記錄下了:
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 1 | Manoj | Kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from certificate;
+----+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+------------------+-------------+ | 1 | MBA | 1 | | 2 | PMP | 1 | | 3 | MCA | 1 | +----+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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