Python入門教程(二十九)Python的RegEx正則表達式
RegEx 或正則表達式是形成搜索模式的字符序列。
RegEx 可用于檢查字符串是否包含指定的搜索模式。
RegEx 模塊
Python 提供名為 re 的內(nèi)置包,可用于處理正則表達式。
導(dǎo)入 re 模塊:
import re
Python 中的 RegEx
導(dǎo)入 re 模塊后,就可以開始使用正則表達式了:
實例
檢索字符串以查看它是否以 “China” 開頭并以 “country” 結(jié)尾:
import re
txt = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("^China.*country$", txt)
運行實例
import re
txt = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("^China.*country$", txt)
if (x):
print("YES! We have a match!")
else:
print("No match")

RegEx 函數(shù)
re 模塊提供了一組函數(shù),允許我們檢索字符串以進行匹配:

元字符
元字符是具有特殊含義的字符
字符:[] 描述:一組字符 示例:“[a-m]”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Find all lower case characters alphabetically between "a" and "m":
x = re.findall("[a-m]", str)
print(x)
運行示例

字符: 描述:示意特殊序列(也可用于轉(zhuǎn)義特殊字符) 示例:“\d”
import re
str = "That will be 59 dollars"
#Find all digit characters:
x = re.findall("\d", str)
print(x)
運行示例

字符:. 描述:任何字符(換行符除外) 示例: “he…o”
import re
str = "hello world"
#Search for a sequence that starts with "he", followed by two (any) characters, and an "o":
x = re.findall("he..o", str)
print(x)
運行示例

字符:^ 描述:起始于 示例: “^hello”
import re
str = "hello world"
#Check if the string starts with 'hello':
x = re.findall("^hello", str)
if (x):
print("Yes, the string starts with 'hello'")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:$ 描述:結(jié)束于 示例:“world$”
import re
str = "hello world"
#Check if the string ends with 'world':
x = re.findall("world$", str)
if (x):
print("Yes, the string ends with 'world'")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:* 描述:零次或多次出現(xiàn) 示例:“aix*”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"
#Check if the string contains "ai" followed by 0 or more "x" characters:
x = re.findall("aix*", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:+ 描述:一次或多次出現(xiàn) 示例: “aix+”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"
#Check if the string contains "ai" followed by 1 or more "x" characters:
x = re.findall("aix+", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:{} 描述: 確切地指定的出現(xiàn)次數(shù) 示例:“al{2}”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"
#Check if the string contains "a" followed by exactly two "l" characters:
x = re.findall("al{2}", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:| 描述:兩者任一 示例:“falls|stays”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain!"
#Check if the string contains either "falls" or "stays":
x = re.findall("falls|stays", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:() 描述:捕獲和分組
特殊序列
特殊序列指的是 \ 后跟下表中的某個字符,擁有特殊含義。
字符:\A 描述:如果指定的字符位于字符串的開頭,則返回匹配項 示例:“\AThe”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string starts with "The":
x = re.findall("\AThe", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is a match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\b
描述:返回指定字符位于單詞的開頭或末尾的匹配項
示例:r"\bain"
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if "ain" is present at the beginning of a WORD:
x = re.findall(r"\bain", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

示例:r"ain\b"
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if "ain" is present at the end of a WORD:
x = re.findall(r"ain\b", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\B
描述:返回指定字符存在的匹配項,但不在單詞的開頭(或結(jié)尾處)
示例:r"\Bain"
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if "ain" is present, but NOT at the beginning of a word:
x = re.findall(r"\Bain", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

示例:r"ain\B"
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if "ain" is present, but NOT at the end of a word:
x = re.findall(r"ain\B", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\d
描述:返回字符串包含數(shù)字的匹配項(數(shù)字 0-9)
示例:“\d”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string contains any digits (numbers from 0-9):
x = re.findall("\d", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\D
描述:返回字符串不包含數(shù)字的匹配項
示例:“\D”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Return a match at every no-digit character:
x = re.findall("\D", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\s
描述:返回字符串包含空白字符的匹配項
示例:“\s”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Return a match at every white-space character:
x = re.findall("\s", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\S
描述:返回字符串不包含空白字符的匹配項
示例:“\S”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Return a match at every NON white-space character:
x = re.findall("\S", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\w
描述: 返回一個匹配項,其中字符串包含任何單詞字符 (從 a 到 Z 的字符,從 0 到 9 的數(shù)字和下劃線 _ 字符)
示例:“\w”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Return a match at every word character (characters from a to Z, digits from 0-9, and the underscore _ character):
x = re.findall("\w", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\W
描述:返回一個匹配項,其中字符串不包含任何單詞字符
示例:“\W”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Return a match at every NON word character (characters NOT between a and Z. Like "!", "?" white-space etc.):
x = re.findall("\W", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:\Z
描述:如果指定的字符位于字符串的末尾,則返回匹配項 。
示例:“Spain\Z”
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string ends with "Spain":
x = re.findall("Spain\Z", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is a match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

集合(Set)
集合(Set)是一對方括號 [] 內(nèi)的一組字符,具有特殊含義。
字符:[arn]
描述:返回一個匹配項,其中存在指定字符(a,r 或 n)之一
示例
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string has any a, r, or n characters:
x = re.findall("[arn]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[a-n]
描述:返回字母順序 a 和 n 之間的任意小寫字符匹配項
示例
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string has any characters between a and n:
x = re.findall("[a-n]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[^arn]
描述:返回除 a、r 和 n 之外的任意字符的匹配項
示例
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string has other characters than a, r, or n:
x = re.findall("[^arn]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[0123]
描述:返回存在任何指定數(shù)字(0、1、2 或 3)的匹配項
示例
import re
str = "The rain in Spain"
#Check if the string has any 0, 1, 2, or 3 digits:
x = re.findall("[0123]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[0-9]
描述:返回 0 與 9 之間任意數(shù)字的匹配
示例
import re
str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
#Check if the string has any digits:
x = re.findall("[0-9]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[0-5][0-9]
描述:返回介于 0 到 9 之間的任何數(shù)字的匹配項
示例
import re
str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
#Check if the string has any two-digit numbers, from 00 to 59:
x = re.findall("[0-5][0-9]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[a-zA-Z]
描述:返回字母順序 a 和 z 之間的任何字符的匹配,小寫或大寫
示例
import re
str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
#Check if the string has any characters from a to z lower case, and A to Z upper case:
x = re.findall("[a-zA-Z]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

字符:[+]
描述:在集合中,+、*、.、|、()、$、{} 沒有特殊含義,因此 [+] 表示:返回字符串中任何 + 字符的匹配項。
示例
import re
str = "8 times before 11:45 AM"
#Check if the string has any + characters:
x = re.findall("[+]", str)
print(x)
if (x):
print("Yes, there is at least one match!")
else:
print("No match")
運行示例

findall() 函數(shù)
findall() 函數(shù)返回包含所有匹配項的列表。
實例
打印所有匹配的列表
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.findall("a", str)
print(x)
運行實例

這個列表以被找到的順序包含匹配項。
如果未找到匹配項,則返回空列表。
實例
如果未找到匹配,則返回空列表:
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.findall("USA", str)
print(x)
運行實例

search() 函數(shù)
search() 函數(shù)搜索字符串中的匹配項,如果存在匹配則返回 Match 對象。
如果有多個匹配,則僅返回首個匹配項。
實例
在字符串中搜索第一個空白字符
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("\s", str)
print("The first white-space character is located in position:", x.start())
運行實例

如果未找到匹配,則返回值 None:
實例
進行不返回匹配的檢索
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("USA", str)
print(x)
運行實例

split() 函數(shù)
split() 函數(shù)返回一個列表,其中字符串在每次匹配時被拆分。
實例
在每個空白字符處進行拆分
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.split("\s", str)
print(x)
運行實例

可以通過指定 maxsplit 參數(shù)來控制出現(xiàn)次數(shù):
實例
僅在首次出現(xiàn)時拆分字符串:
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.split("\s", str, 1)
print(x)
運行實例

sub() 函數(shù)
sub() 函數(shù)把匹配替換為您選擇的文本
實例
用數(shù)字 9 替換每個空白字符
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", str)
print(x)
運行實例

可以通過指定 count 參數(shù)來控制替換次數(shù):
實例
替換前兩次出現(xiàn)
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.sub("\s", "9", str, 2)
print(x)
運行實例

Match 對象
Match 對象是包含有關(guān)搜索和結(jié)果信息的對象。
注釋:如果沒有匹配,則返回值 None,而不是 Match 對象。
實例
執(zhí)行會返回 Match 對象的搜索:
import re
str = "China is a great country"
x = re.search("a", str)
print(x) # 將打印一個對象
運行實例

Match 對象提供了用于取回有關(guān)搜索及結(jié)果信息的屬性和方法:
span()返回的元組包含了匹配的開始和結(jié)束位置.string返回傳入函數(shù)的字符串group()返回匹配的字符串部分
實例
打印首個匹配出現(xiàn)的位置(開始和結(jié)束位置)。
正則表達式查找以大寫 “C” 開頭的任何單詞:
import re str = "China is a great country" x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) print(x.span())
運行實例

實例
打印傳入函數(shù)的字符串
import re str = "China is a great country" x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) print(x.string)
運行實例

實例
打印匹配的字符串部分
正則表達式查找以大寫 “C” 開頭的任何單詞:
import re str = "China is a great country" x = re.search(r"\bC\w+", str) print(x.group())
運行實例

注釋:如果沒有匹配項,則返回值 None,而不是 Match 對象。
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