export const createApp = ((...args) => {
  const app = ensureRenderer().createApp(...args)
 
  if (__DEV__) {
    injectNativeTagCheck(app)
    injectCompilerOptionsCheck(app)
  }
 
  const { mount } = app
  app.mount = (containerOrSelector: Element | ShadowRoot | string): any => {
    const container = normalizeContainer(containerOrSelector)
    if (!container) return
 
    const component = app._component
    if (!isFunction(component) && !component.render && !component.template) {
      // __UNSAFE__
      // Reason: potential execution of JS expressions in in-DOM template.
      // The user must make sure the in-DOM template is trusted. If it's
      // rendered by the server, the template should not contain any user data.
      component.template = container.innerHTML
      // 2.x compat check
      if (__COMPAT__ && __DEV__) {
        for (let i = 0; i < container.attributes.length; i++) {
          const attr = container.attributes[i]
          if (attr.name !== 'v-cloak' && /^(v-|:|@)/.test(attr.name)) {
            compatUtils.warnDeprecation(
              DeprecationTypes.GLOBAL_MOUNT_CONTAINER,
              null
            )
            break
          }
        }
      }
    }
 
    // clear content before mounting
    container.innerHTML = ''
    const proxy = mount(container, false, container instanceof SVGElement)
    if (container instanceof Element) {
      container.removeAttribute('v-cloak')
      container.setAttribute('data-v-app', '')
    }
    return proxy
  }
 
  return app
}) as CreateAppFunction<Element>

function ensureRenderer() {
  return (
    renderer ||
    (renderer = createRenderer<Node, Element | ShadowRoot>(rendererOptions))
  )
}

export function createRenderer<
  HostNode = RendererNode,
  HostElement = RendererElement
>(options: RendererOptions<HostNode, HostElement>) {
  return baseCreateRenderer<HostNode, HostElement>(options)
}

return {
    render,
    hydrate,
    createApp: createAppAPI(render, hydrate)
  }

return function createApp(rootComponent, rootProps = null)

mount(
        rootContainer: HostElement,
        isHydrate?: boolean,
        isSVG?: boolean
      ): any {
        if (!isMounted) {
          const vnode = createVNode(
            rootComponent as ConcreteComponent,
            rootProps
          )
          // store app context on the root VNode.
          // this will be set on the root instance on initial mount.
          vnode.appContext = context
 
          // HMR root reload
          if (__DEV__) {
            context.reload = () => {
              render(cloneVNode(vnode), rootContainer, isSVG)
            }
          }
 
          if (isHydrate && hydrate) {
            hydrate(vnode as VNode<Node, Element>, rootContainer as any)
          } else {
            render(vnode, rootContainer, isSVG)
          }
          isMounted = true
          app._container = rootContainer
          // for devtools and telemetry
          ;(rootContainer as any).__vue_app__ = app
 
          if (__DEV__ || __FEATURE_PROD_DEVTOOLS__) {
            app._instance = vnode.component
            devtoolsInitApp(app, version)
          }
 
          return vnode.component!.proxy
        } else if (__DEV__) {
          warn(
            `App has already been mounted.\n` +
              `If you want to remount the same app, move your app creation logic ` +
              `into a factory function and create fresh app instances for each ` +
              `mount - e.g. \`const createMyApp = () => createApp(App)\``
          )
        }
      }

// implementation
function baseCreateRenderer(
  options: RendererOptions,
  createHydrationFns?: typeof createHydrationFunctions
): any {
    ....
  const render: RootRenderFunction = (vnode, container, isSVG) => {
    if (vnode == null) {
      if (container._vnode) {
        unmount(container._vnode, null, null, true)
      }
    } else {
      patch(container._vnode || null, vnode, container, null, null, null, isSVG)
    }
    flushPostFlushCbs()
    container._vnode = vnode
  }
 .....
}

const patch: PatchFn = (
    n1,
    n2,
    container,
    anchor = null,
    parentComponent = null,
    parentSuspense = null,
    isSVG = false,
    slotScopeIds = null,
    optimized = __DEV__ && isHmrUpdating ? false : !!n2.dynamicChildren
  ) => {
    // patching & not same type, unmount old tree
    if (n1 && !isSameVNodeType(n1, n2)) {
      anchor = getNextHostNode(n1)
      unmount(n1, parentComponent, parentSuspense, true)
      n1 = null
    }
 
    if (n2.patchFlag === PatchFlags.BAIL) {
      optimized = false
      n2.dynamicChildren = null
    }
 
    const { type, ref, shapeFlag } = n2
    switch (type) {
      case Text:
        processText(n1, n2, container, anchor)
        break
      case Comment:
        processCommentNode(n1, n2, container, anchor)
        break
      case Static:
        if (n1 == null) {
          mountStaticNode(n2, container, anchor, isSVG)
        } else if (__DEV__) {
          patchStaticNode(n1, n2, container, isSVG)
        }
        break
      case Fragment:
        processFragment(
          n1,
          n2,
          container,
          anchor,
          parentComponent,
          parentSuspense,
          isSVG,
          slotScopeIds,
          optimized
        )
        break
      default:
        if (shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.ELEMENT) {
          processElement(
            n1,
            n2,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized
          )
        } else if (shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.COMPONENT) {
          processComponent(
            n1,
            n2,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized
          )
        } else if (shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.TELEPORT) {
          ;(type as typeof TeleportImpl).process(
            n1 as TeleportVNode,
            n2 as TeleportVNode,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized,
            internals
          )
        } else if (__FEATURE_SUSPENSE__ && shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.SUSPENSE) {
          ;(type as typeof SuspenseImpl).process(
            n1,
            n2,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized,
            internals
          )
        } else if (__DEV__) {
          warn('Invalid VNode type:', type, `(${typeof type})`)
        }
    }
 
    // set ref
    if (ref != null && parentComponent) {
      setRef(ref, n1 && n1.ref, parentSuspense, n2 || n1, !n2)
    }
  }
const patch: PatchFn = (
    n1,
    n2,
    container,
    anchor = null,
    parentComponent = null,
    parentSuspense = null,
    isSVG = false,
    slotScopeIds = null,
    optimized = __DEV__ && isHmrUpdating ? false : !!n2.dynamicChildren
  ) => {
    // patching & not same type, unmount old tree
    if (n1 && !isSameVNodeType(n1, n2)) {
      anchor = getNextHostNode(n1)
      unmount(n1, parentComponent, parentSuspense, true)
      n1 = null
    }
 
    if (n2.patchFlag === PatchFlags.BAIL) {
      optimized = false
      n2.dynamicChildren = null
    }
 
    const { type, ref, shapeFlag } = n2
    switch (type) {
      case Text:
        processText(n1, n2, container, anchor)
        break
      case Comment:
        processCommentNode(n1, n2, container, anchor)
        break
      case Static:
        if (n1 == null) {
          mountStaticNode(n2, container, anchor, isSVG)
        } else if (__DEV__) {
          patchStaticNode(n1, n2, container, isSVG)
        }
        break
      case Fragment:
        processFragment(
          n1,
          n2,
          container,
          anchor,
          parentComponent,
          parentSuspense,
          isSVG,
          slotScopeIds,
          optimized
        )
        break
      default:
        if (shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.ELEMENT) {
          processElement(
            n1,
            n2,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized
          )
        } else if (shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.COMPONENT) {
          processComponent(
            n1,
            n2,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized
          )
        } else if (shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.TELEPORT) {
          ;(type as typeof TeleportImpl).process(
            n1 as TeleportVNode,
            n2 as TeleportVNode,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized,
            internals
          )
        } else if (__FEATURE_SUSPENSE__ && shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.SUSPENSE) {
          ;(type as typeof SuspenseImpl).process(
            n1,
            n2,
            container,
            anchor,
            parentComponent,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG,
            slotScopeIds,
            optimized,
            internals
          )
        } else if (__DEV__) {
          warn('Invalid VNode type:', type, `(${typeof type})`)
        }
    }
 
    // set ref
    if (ref != null && parentComponent) {
      setRef(ref, n1 && n1.ref, parentSuspense, n2 || n1, !n2)
    }
  }

const processComponent = (
    n1: VNode | null,
    n2: VNode,
    container: RendererElement,
    anchor: RendererNode | null,
    parentComponent: ComponentInternalInstance | null,
    parentSuspense: SuspenseBoundary | null,
    isSVG: boolean,
    slotScopeIds: string[] | null,
    optimized: boolean
  ) => {
    n2.slotScopeIds = slotScopeIds
    if (n1 == null) {
      if (n2.shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.COMPONENT_KEPT_ALIVE) {
        ;(parentComponent!.ctx as KeepAliveContext).activate(
          n2,
          container,
          anchor,
          isSVG,
          optimized
        )
      } else {
        mountComponent(
          n2,
          container,
          anchor,
          parentComponent,
          parentSuspense,
          isSVG,
          optimized
        )
      }
    } else {
      updateComponent(n1, n2, optimized)
    }
  }

const mountComponent: MountComponentFn = (
    initialVNode,
    container,
    anchor,
    parentComponent,
    parentSuspense,
    isSVG,
    optimized
  ) => {
    // 2.x compat may pre-creaate the component instance before actually
    // mounting
    const compatMountInstance =
      __COMPAT__ && initialVNode.isCompatRoot && initialVNode.component
    const instance: ComponentInternalInstance =
      compatMountInstance ||
      (initialVNode.component = createComponentInstance(
        initialVNode,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense
      ))
 
    // inject renderer internals for keepAlive
    if (isKeepAlive(initialVNode)) {
      ;(instance.ctx as KeepAliveContext).renderer = internals
    }
 
    // resolve props and slots for setup context
    if (!(__COMPAT__ && compatMountInstance)) {
      setupComponent(instance)
    }
 
    // setup() is async. This component relies on async logic to be resolved
    // before proceeding
    if (__FEATURE_SUSPENSE__ && instance.asyncDep) {
      parentSuspense && parentSuspense.registerDep(instance, setupRenderEffect)
 
      // Give it a placeholder if this is not hydration
      // TODO handle self-defined fallback
      if (!initialVNode.el) {
        const placeholder = (instance.subTree = createVNode(Comment))
        processCommentNode(null, placeholder, container!, anchor)
      }
      return
    }
 
    setupRenderEffect(
      instance,
      initialVNode,
      container,
      anchor,
      parentSuspense,
      isSVG,
      optimized
    )
  }

const componentUpdateFn = () => {
      if (!instance.isMounted) {
        let vnodeHook: VNodeHook | null | undefined
        const { el, props } = initialVNode
        const { bm, m, parent } = instance
 
        effect.allowRecurse = false
        // beforeMount hook
        if (bm) {
          invokeArrayFns(bm)
        }
        // onVnodeBeforeMount
        if ((vnodeHook = props && props.onVnodeBeforeMount)) {
          invokeVNodeHook(vnodeHook, parent, initialVNode)
        }
        if (
          __COMPAT__ &&
          isCompatEnabled(DeprecationTypes.INSTANCE_EVENT_HOOKS, instance)
        ) {
          instance.emit('hook:beforeMount')
        }
        effect.allowRecurse = true
 
        if (el && hydrateNode) {
          // vnode has adopted host node - perform hydration instead of mount.
          const hydrateSubTree = () => {
    
            instance.subTree = renderComponentRoot(instance)
            
            hydrateNode!(
              el as Node,
              instance.subTree,
              instance,
              parentSuspense,
              null
            )
            
          }
 
          if (isAsyncWrapper(initialVNode)) {
            (initialVNode.type as ComponentOptions).__asyncLoader!().then(
              // note: we are moving the render call into an async callback,
              // which means it won't track dependencies - but it's ok because
              // a server-rendered async wrapper is already in resolved state
              // and it will never need to change.
              () => !instance.isUnmounted && hydrateSubTree()
            )
          } else {
            hydrateSubTree()
          }
        } else {
          
          const subTree = (instance.subTree = renderComponentRoot(instance))
         
          patch(
            null,
            subTree,
            container,
            anchor,
            instance,
            parentSuspense,
            isSVG
          )
          
          initialVNode.el = subTree.el
        }
        // mounted hook
        if (m) {
          queuePostRenderEffect(m, parentSuspense)
        }
        // onVnodeMounted
        if ((vnodeHook = props && props.onVnodeMounted)) {
          const scopedInitialVNode = initialVNode
          queuePostRenderEffect(
            () => invokeVNodeHook(vnodeHook!, parent, scopedInitialVNode),
            parentSuspense
          )
        }
        if (
          __COMPAT__ &&
          isCompatEnabled(DeprecationTypes.INSTANCE_EVENT_HOOKS, instance)
        ) {
          queuePostRenderEffect(
            () => instance.emit('hook:mounted'),
            parentSuspense
          )
        }
 
        // activated hook for keep-alive roots.
        // #1742 activated hook must be accessed after first render
        // since the hook may be injected by a child keep-alive
        if (initialVNode.shapeFlag & ShapeFlags.COMPONENT_SHOULD_KEEP_ALIVE) {
          instance.a && queuePostRenderEffect(instance.a, parentSuspense)
          if (
            __COMPAT__ &&
            isCompatEnabled(DeprecationTypes.INSTANCE_EVENT_HOOKS, instance)
          ) {
            queuePostRenderEffect(
              () => instance.emit('hook:activated'),
              parentSuspense
            )
          }
        }
        instance.isMounted = true
        // #2458: deference mount-only object parameters to prevent memleaks
        initialVNode = container = anchor = null as any
      } else {
        // updateComponent
        // This is triggered by mutation of component's own state (next: null)
        // OR parent calling processComponent (next: VNode)
        let { next, bu, u, parent, vnode } = instance
        let originNext = next
        let vnodeHook: VNodeHook | null | undefined
 
        if (next) {
          next.el = vnode.el
          updateComponentPreRender(instance, next, optimized)
        } else {
          next = vnode
        }
 
        // Disallow component effect recursion during pre-lifecycle hooks.
        effect.allowRecurse = false
        // beforeUpdate hook
        if (bu) {
          invokeArrayFns(bu)
        }
        // onVnodeBeforeUpdate
        if ((vnodeHook = next.props && next.props.onVnodeBeforeUpdate)) {
          invokeVNodeHook(vnodeHook, parent, next, vnode)
        }
        if (
          __COMPAT__ &&
          isCompatEnabled(DeprecationTypes.INSTANCE_EVENT_HOOKS, instance)
        ) {
          instance.emit('hook:beforeUpdate')
        }
        effect.allowRecurse = true
 
        // render
        const nextTree = renderComponentRoot(instance)
        const prevTree = instance.subTree
        instance.subTree = nextTree
        patch(
          prevTree,
          nextTree,
          // parent may have changed if it's in a teleport
          hostParentNode(prevTree.el!)!,
          // anchor may have changed if it's in a fragment
          getNextHostNode(prevTree),
          instance,
          parentSuspense,
          isSVG
        )
     
        next.el = nextTree.el
        if (originNext === null) {
          // self-triggered update. In case of HOC, update parent component
          // vnode el. HOC is indicated by parent instance's subTree pointing
          // to child component's vnode
          updateHOCHostEl(instance, nextTree.el)
        }
        // updated hook
        if (u) {
          queuePostRenderEffect(u, parentSuspense)
        }
        // onVnodeUpdated
        if ((vnodeHook = next.props && next.props.onVnodeUpdated)) {
          queuePostRenderEffect(
            () => invokeVNodeHook(vnodeHook!, parent, next!, vnode),
            parentSuspense
          )
        }
        if (
          __COMPAT__ &&
          isCompatEnabled(DeprecationTypes.INSTANCE_EVENT_HOOKS, instance)
        ) {
          queuePostRenderEffect(
            () => instance.emit('hook:updated'),
            parentSuspense
          )
        }
      }
    }

const processFragment = (
    n1: VNode | null,
    n2: VNode,
    container: RendererElement,
    anchor: RendererNode | null,
    parentComponent: ComponentInternalInstance | null,
    parentSuspense: SuspenseBoundary | null,
    isSVG: boolean,
    slotScopeIds: string[] | null,
    optimized: boolean
  ) => {
    const fragmentStartAnchor = (n2.el = n1 ? n1.el : hostCreateText(''))!
    const fragmentEndAnchor = (n2.anchor = n1 ? n1.anchor : hostCreateText(''))!
 
    let { patchFlag, dynamicChildren, slotScopeIds: fragmentSlotScopeIds } = n2
    if (dynamicChildren) {
      optimized = true
    }
 
    // check if this is a slot fragment with :slotted scope ids
    if (fragmentSlotScopeIds) {
      slotScopeIds = slotScopeIds
        ? slotScopeIds.concat(fragmentSlotScopeIds)
        : fragmentSlotScopeIds
    }
 
    if (n1 == null) {
      hostInsert(fragmentStartAnchor, container, anchor)
      hostInsert(fragmentEndAnchor, container, anchor)
      // a fragment can only have array children
      // since they are either generated by the compiler, or implicitly created
      // from arrays.
      mountChildren(
        n2.children as VNodeArrayChildren,
        container,
        fragmentEndAnchor,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense,
        isSVG,
        slotScopeIds,
        optimized
      )
    } else {
      if (
        patchFlag > 0 &&
        patchFlag & PatchFlags.STABLE_FRAGMENT &&
        dynamicChildren &&
        // #2715 the previous fragment could've been a BAILed one as a result
        // of renderSlot() with no valid children
        n1.dynamicChildren
      ) {
        // a stable fragment (template root or <template v-for>) doesn't need to
        // patch children order, but it may contain dynamicChildren.
        patchBlockChildren(
          n1.dynamicChildren,
          dynamicChildren,
          container,
          parentComponent,
          parentSuspense,
          isSVG,
          slotScopeIds
        )
        if (__DEV__ && parentComponent && parentComponent.type.__hmrId) {
          traverseStaticChildren(n1, n2)
        } else if (
          // #2080 if the stable fragment has a key, it's a <template v-for> that may
          //  get moved around. Make sure all root level vnodes inherit el.
          // #2134 or if it's a component root, it may also get moved around
          // as the component is being moved.
          n2.key != null ||
          (parentComponent && n2 === parentComponent.subTree)
        ) {
          traverseStaticChildren(n1, n2, true /* shallow */)
        }
      } else {
        // keyed / unkeyed, or manual fragments.
        // for keyed & unkeyed, since they are compiler generated from v-for,
        // each child is guaranteed to be a block so the fragment will never
        // have dynamicChildren.
        patchChildren(
          n1,
          n2,
          container,
          fragmentEndAnchor,
          parentComponent,
          parentSuspense,
          isSVG,
          slotScopeIds,
          optimized
        )
      }
    }
  }

  const mountChildren: MountChildrenFn = (
    children,
    container,
    anchor,
    parentComponent,
    parentSuspense,
    isSVG,
    slotScopeIds,
    optimized,
    start = 0
  ) => {
    for (let i = start; i < children.length; i++) {
      const child = (children[i] = optimized
        ? cloneIfMounted(children[i] as VNode)
        : normalizeVNode(children[i]))
      patch(
        null,
        child,
        container,
        anchor,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense,
        isSVG,
        slotScopeIds,
        optimized
      )
    }
  }

const processElement = (
    n1: VNode | null,
    n2: VNode,
    container: RendererElement,
    anchor: RendererNode | null,
    parentComponent: ComponentInternalInstance | null,
    parentSuspense: SuspenseBoundary | null,
    isSVG: boolean,
    slotScopeIds: string[] | null,
    optimized: boolean
  ) => {
    isSVG = isSVG || (n2.type as string) === 'svg'
    if (n1 == null) {
      mountElement(
        n2,
        container,
        anchor,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense,
        isSVG,
        slotScopeIds,
        optimized
      )
    } else {
      patchElement(
        n1,
        n2,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense,
        isSVG,
        slotScopeIds,
        optimized
      )
    }
  }

const processElement = (
    n1: VNode | null,
    n2: VNode,
    container: RendererElement,
    anchor: RendererNode | null,
    parentComponent: ComponentInternalInstance | null,
    parentSuspense: SuspenseBoundary | null,
    isSVG: boolean,
    slotScopeIds: string[] | null,
    optimized: boolean
  ) => {
    isSVG = isSVG || (n2.type as string) === 'svg'
    if (n1 == null) {
      mountElement(
        n2,
        container,
        anchor,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense,
        isSVG,
        slotScopeIds,
        optimized
      )
    } else {
      patchElement(
        n1,
        n2,
        parentComponent,
        parentSuspense,
        isSVG,
        slotScopeIds,
        optimized
      )
    }
  }