x = [1,1,2,2,3,2,3,4,5,6]
y = [1,2,3,4,5]
len(x)== len(set(x)) # False
len(y)== len(set(y)) # True

from collections import Counter
>>> Counter('abadfsdafsdfjsdaf')
Counter({'a': 4, 'd': 4, 'f': 4, 's': 3, 'b': 1, 'j': 1})

def anagram(first, second):
    return Counter(first) == Counter(second)
anagram("abcd3", "3acdb") # True

import sys 
variable = 30 
print(sys.getsizeof(variable)) # 28

print(len(''.encode('utf-8')))# 0
print(len('hellow sdfsdaf'.encode('utf-8'))) # 14

n = 2; 
s ="Programming"; 
print(s * n); # ProgrammingProgramming

s = "programming is awesome"
print(s.title()) # Programming Is Awesome

>>> list = list(range(12))
>>> size=3
>>> [list[i:i+size] for i in range(0,len(list), size)]
[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11]]
>>>

list(filter(bool, [0, 1, False, 2, '', 3, 'a', 's', 34]))

array = [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd'], ['e', 'f']]
transposed = zip(*array)
print(transposed)  # [('a', 'c', 'e'), ('b', 'd', 'f')]

a = 3
print( 2 < a < 8) # True
print(1 == a < 2) # False

hobbies = ["basketball", "football", "swimming"]
print("My hobbies are: " + ", ".join(hobbies)) # My hobbies are: basketball, football, swimming

import re
print(len(re.findall(r'[aeiou]', 'foobar', re.IGNORECASE)))   # 3
print(len(re.findall(r'[aeiou]', 'gym', re.IGNORECASE)))   # 0

'FooBar'[:1].lower() + 'FooBar'[1:] # 'fooBar'
'FooBar'[:1].lower() + 'FooBar'[1:]   # 'fooBar'

def spread(arg):
    ret = []
    for i in arg:
        if isinstance(i, list):
            ret.extend(i)
    else:
        ret.append(i)
    return ret

def deep_flatten(lst):
    result = []
    result.extend(
        spread(list(map(lambda x: deep_flatten(x) if type(x) == list else x, lst))))
    return result
deep_flatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5])  # [1,2,3,4,5]
print(deep_flatten([1, [2], [[3], 4], 5]))  # [1,2,3,4,5]

set([1,2,3])-set([1,2,4]) # [3]

def difference_by(a, b, fn):
    b = set(map(fn, b))
    return [item for item in a if fn(item) not in b]
from math import floor
difference_by([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4],floor) # [1.2]
difference_by([{ 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], [{ 'x': 1 }], lambda v : v['x']) # [ { x: 2 } ]

def add(a, b):
    return a + b
def subtract(a, b):
    return a – b
a, b = 4, 5
print((subtract if a > b else add)(a, b)) # 9 

def merge_dictionaries(a, b):
    return {**a, **b}
a = { 'x': 1, 'y': 2}
b = { 'y': 3, 'z': 4}
print(merge_dictionaries(a, b)) # {'y': 3, 'x': 1, 'z': 4}

keys = ["a", "b", "c"] 
values = [2, 3, 4]
print(dict(zip(keys, values))) # {'a': 2, 'c': 4, 'b': 3}

def most_frequent(list):
    return max(set(list), key = list.count)
list = [1,2,1,2,3,2,1,4,2]
most_frequent(list) 

def palindrome(string):
    from re import sub
    s = sub('[\W_]', '', string.lower())
    return s == s[::-1]
palindrome('taco cat') # True

import operator
action = {
 "+": operator.add,
 "-": operator.sub,
 "/": operator.truediv,
 "*": operator.mul,
 "**": pow
}
print(action['-'](50, 25)) # 25

from copy import deepcopy
from random import randint

def shuffle(lst):
    temp_lst = deepcopy(lst)
    m = len(temp_lst)
    while (m):
        m -= 1
    i = randint(0, m)
    temp_lst[m], temp_lst[i] = temp_lst[i], temp_lst[m]
    return temp_lst

foo = [1, 2, 3]
shuffle(foo)  # [2,3,1] , foo = [1,2,3]

def spread(arg):
    ret = []
    for i in arg:
        if isinstance(i, list):
            ret.extend(i)
        else:
            ret.append(i)
    return ret
spread([1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6], [7], 8, 9])  # [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
print(spread([1, 2, 3, [4, 5,[10,11,12,132,4,[1,2,3,4,5,6]], 6], [7], 8, 9]))  #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, [10, 11, 12, 132, 4, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]], 6, 7, 8, 9]