func main() {
    resp, err := http.Get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=luozhiyun&age=27")
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Println(err)
        return
    }
    defer resp.Body.Close()
    body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
    fmt.Println(string(body))
}

type Client struct { 
    Transport RoundTripper 
    CheckRedirect func(req *Request, via []*Request) error 
    Jar CookieJar 
    Timeout time.Duration
}

func (c *Client) Get(url string) (resp *Response, err error) {
    // 根據(jù)方法名、URL 和請(qǐng)求體構(gòu)建請(qǐng)求
    req, err := NewRequest("GET", url, nil)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    // 執(zhí)行請(qǐng)求
    return c.Do(req)
}

func NewRequestWithContext(ctx context.Context, method, url string, body io.Reader) (*Request, error) {
    ...
    // parse url
    u, err := urlpkg.Parse(url)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    rc, ok := body.(io.ReadCloser)
    if !ok && body != nil {
        rc = ioutil.NopCloser(body)
    } 
    u.Host = removeEmptyPort(u.Host)
    req := &Request{
        ctx:        ctx,
        Method:     method,
        URL:        u,
        Proto:      "HTTP/1.1",
        ProtoMajor: 1,
        ProtoMinor: 1,
        Header:     make(Header),
        Body:       rc,
        Host:       u.Host,
    } 
    ...
    return req, nil
}

func (c *Client) send(req *Request, deadline time.Time) (resp *Response, didTimeout func() bool, err error) {
    resp, didTimeout, err = send(req, c.transport(), deadline)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, didTimeout, err
    }
    ...
    return resp, nil, nil
}

var DefaultTransport RoundTripper = &Transport{
    // 定義 HTTP 代理策略
    Proxy: ProxyFromEnvironment,
    DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
        Timeout:   30 * time.Second,
        KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
        DualStack: true,
    }).DialContext,
    ForceAttemptHTTP2:     true,
    // 最大空閑連接數(shù)
    MaxIdleConns:          100,
    // 空閑連接超時(shí)時(shí)間
    IdleConnTimeout:       90 * time.Second,
    // TLS 握手超時(shí)時(shí)間
    TLSHandshakeTimeout:   10 * time.Second,
    ExpectContinueTimeout: 1 * time.Second,
}

type RoundTripper interface { 
    RoundTrip(*Request) (*Response, error)
}

func (t *Transport) roundTrip(req *Request) (*Response, error) {
    t.nextProtoOnce.Do(t.onceSetNextProtoDefaults)
    ctx := req.Context()
    trace := httptrace.ContextClientTrace(ctx) 
    ...  
    for {
        select {
        case <-ctx.Done():
            req.closeBody()
            return nil, ctx.Err()
        default:
        }

        // 封裝請(qǐng)求
        treq := &transportRequest{Request: req, trace: trace, cancelKey: cancelKey} 
        cm, err := t.connectMethodForRequest(treq)
        if err != nil {
            req.closeBody()
            return nil, err
        } 
        // 獲取連接
        pconn, err := t.getConn(treq, cm)
        if err != nil {
            t.setReqCanceler(cancelKey, nil)
            req.closeBody()
            return nil, err
        }

        // 等待響應(yīng)結(jié)果
        var resp *Response
        if pconn.alt != nil {
            // HTTP/2 path.
            t.setReqCanceler(cancelKey, nil) // not cancelable with CancelRequest
            resp, err = pconn.alt.RoundTrip(req)
        } else {
            resp, err = pconn.roundTrip(treq)
        }
        if err == nil {
            resp.Request = origReq
            return resp, nil
        } 
        ...
    }
}

func (t *Transport) getConn(treq *transportRequest, cm connectMethod) (pc *persistConn, err error) {
    req := treq.Request
    trace := treq.trace
    ctx := req.Context()
    if trace != nil && trace.GetConn != nil {
        trace.GetConn(cm.addr())
    }   
    // 將請(qǐng)求封裝成 wantConn 結(jié)構(gòu)體
    w := &wantConn{
        cm:         cm,
        key:        cm.key(),
        ctx:        ctx,
        ready:      make(chan struct{}, 1),
        beforeDial: testHookPrePendingDial,
        afterDial:  testHookPostPendingDial,
    }
    defer func() {
        if err != nil {
            w.cancel(t, err)
        }
    }()

    // 獲取空閑連接
    if delivered := t.queueForIdleConn(w); delivered {
        pc := w.pc
        ...
        t.setReqCanceler(treq.cancelKey, func(error) {})
        return pc, nil
    }

    // 創(chuàng)建連接
    t.queueForDial(w)

    select {
    // 獲取到連接后進(jìn)入該分支
    case <-w.ready:
        ...
        return w.pc, w.err
    ...
}

func (t *Transport) queueForIdleConn(w *wantConn) (delivered bool) {
    if t.DisableKeepAlives {
        return false
    }

    t.idleMu.Lock()
    defer t.idleMu.Unlock() 
    t.closeIdle = false

    if w == nil { 
        return false
    }

    // 計(jì)算空閑連接超時(shí)時(shí)間
    var oldTime time.Time
    if t.IdleConnTimeout > 0 {
        oldTime = time.Now().Add(-t.IdleConnTimeout)
    }
    // Look for most recently-used idle connection.
    // 找到key相同的 connection 列表
    if list, ok := t.idleConn[w.key]; ok {
        stop := false
        delivered := false
        for len(list) > 0 && !stop {
            // 找到connection列表最后一個(gè)
            pconn := list[len(list)-1] 
            // 檢查這個(gè) connection 是不是等待太久了
            tooOld := !oldTime.IsZero() && pconn.idleAt.Round(0).Before(oldTime)
            if tooOld { 
                go pconn.closeConnIfStillIdle()
            }
            // 該 connection 被標(biāo)記為 broken 或 閑置太久 continue
            if pconn.isBroken() || tooOld { 
                list = list[:len(list)-1]
                continue
            }
            // 嘗試將該 connection 寫入到 w 中
            delivered = w.tryDeliver(pconn, nil)
            if delivered {
                // 操作成功，需要將 connection 從空閑列表中移除
                if pconn.alt != nil { 
                } else { 
                    t.idleLRU.remove(pconn)
                    list = list[:len(list)-1]
                }
            }
            stop = true
        }
        if len(list) > 0 {
            t.idleConn[w.key] = list
        } else {
            // 如果該 key 對(duì)應(yīng)的空閑列表不存在，那么將該key從字典中移除
            delete(t.idleConn, w.key)
        }
        if stop {
            return delivered
        }
    } 
    // 如果找不到空閑的 connection
    if t.idleConnWait == nil {
        t.idleConnWait = make(map[connectMethodKey]wantConnQueue)
    }
  // 將該 wantConn 加入到 等待獲取空閑 connection 字典中
    q := t.idleConnWait[w.key] 
    q.cleanFront()
    q.pushBack(w)
    t.idleConnWait[w.key] = q
    return false
}

func (t *Transport) queueForDial(w *wantConn) {
    w.beforeDial()
    // 小于零說明無限制，異步建立連接
    if t.MaxConnsPerHost <= 0 {
        go t.dialConnFor(w)
        return
    }

    t.connsPerHostMu.Lock()
    defer t.connsPerHostMu.Unlock()
    // 每個(gè) host 建立的連接數(shù)沒達(dá)到上限，異步建立連接
    if n := t.connsPerHost[w.key]; n < t.MaxConnsPerHost {
        if t.connsPerHost == nil {
            t.connsPerHost = make(map[connectMethodKey]int)
        }
        t.connsPerHost[w.key] = n + 1
        go t.dialConnFor(w)
        return
    }
    //每個(gè) host 建立的連接數(shù)已達(dá)到上限，需要進(jìn)入等待隊(duì)列
    if t.connsPerHostWait == nil {
        t.connsPerHostWait = make(map[connectMethodKey]wantConnQueue)
    }
    q := t.connsPerHostWait[w.key]
    q.cleanFront()
    q.pushBack(w)
    t.connsPerHostWait[w.key] = q
}

func (t *Transport) dialConnFor(w *wantConn) {
    defer w.afterDial()
    // 建立連接
    pc, err := t.dialConn(w.ctx, w.cm)
    // 連接綁定 wantConn
    delivered := w.tryDeliver(pc, err)
    // 建立連接成功，但是綁定 wantConn 失敗
    // 那么將該連接放置到空閑連接字典或調(diào)用 等待獲取空閑 connection 字典 中的元素執(zhí)行
    if err == nil && (!delivered || pc.alt != nil) { 
        t.putOrCloseIdleConn(pc)
    }
    if err != nil {
        t.decConnsPerHost(w.key)
    }
}

func (t *Transport) dialConn(ctx context.Context, cm connectMethod) (pconn *persistConn, err error) {
    // 創(chuàng)建連接結(jié)構(gòu)體
    pconn = &persistConn{
        t:             t,
        cacheKey:      cm.key(),
        reqch:         make(chan requestAndChan, 1),
        writech:       make(chan writeRequest, 1),
        closech:       make(chan struct{}),
        writeErrCh:    make(chan error, 1),
        writeLoopDone: make(chan struct{}),
    }
    ...
    if cm.scheme() == "https" && t.hasCustomTLSDialer() {
        ...
    } else {
        // 建立 tcp 連接
        conn, err := t.dial(ctx, "tcp", cm.addr())
        if err != nil {
            return nil, wrapErr(err)
        }
        pconn.conn = conn 
    } 
    ...

    if s := pconn.tlsState; s != nil && s.NegotiatedProtocolIsMutual && s.NegotiatedProtocol != "" {
        if next, ok := t.TLSNextProto[s.NegotiatedProtocol]; ok {
            alt := next(cm.targetAddr, pconn.conn.(*tls.Conn))
            if e, ok := alt.(http2erringRoundTripper); ok {
                // pconn.conn was closed by next (http2configureTransport.upgradeFn).
                return nil, e.err
            }
            return &persistConn{t: t, cacheKey: pconn.cacheKey, alt: alt}, nil
        }
    }

    pconn.br = bufio.NewReaderSize(pconn, t.readBufferSize())
    pconn.bw = bufio.NewWriterSize(persistConnWriter{pconn}, t.writeBufferSize())
    //為每個(gè)連接異步處理讀寫數(shù)據(jù)
    go pconn.readLoop()
    go pconn.writeLoop()
    return pconn, nil
}

func (pc *persistConn) roundTrip(req *transportRequest) (resp *Response, err error) {
    ...
    writeErrCh := make(chan error, 1)
    // 將請(qǐng)求數(shù)據(jù)寫入到 writech 管道中
    pc.writech <- writeRequest{req, writeErrCh, continueCh}

    // 用于接收響應(yīng)的管道
    resc := make(chan responseAndError)
    // 將用于接收響應(yīng)的管道封裝成 requestAndChan 寫入到 reqch 管道中
    pc.reqch <- requestAndChan{
        req:        req.Request,
        cancelKey:  req.cancelKey,
        ch:         resc,
        ...
    }
    ...
    for {
        testHookWaitResLoop()
        select { 
        // 接收到響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)
        case re := <-resc:
            if (re.res == nil) == (re.err == nil) {
                panic(fmt.Sprintf("internal error: exactly one of res or err should be set; nil=%v", re.res == nil))
            }
            if debugRoundTrip {
                req.logf("resc recv: %p, %T/%#v", re.res, re.err, re.err)
            }
            if re.err != nil {
                return nil, pc.mapRoundTripError(req, startBytesWritten, re.err)
            }
            // 返回響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)
            return re.res, nil
        ...
    }
}

func (pc *persistConn) writeLoop() {
    defer close(pc.writeLoopDone)
    for {
        select {
        case wr := <-pc.writech:
            startBytesWritten := pc.nwrite
            // 向 TCP 連接中寫入數(shù)據(jù)，并發(fā)送至目標(biāo)服務(wù)器
            err := wr.req.Request.write(pc.bw, pc.isProxy, wr.req.extra, pc.waitForContinue(wr.continueCh))
            ...
        case <-pc.closech:
            return
        }
    }
}

func (pc *persistConn) readLoop() {
    closeErr := errReadLoopExiting // default value, if not changed below
    defer func() {
        pc.close(closeErr)
        pc.t.removeIdleConn(pc)
    }()
    ... 
    alive := true
    for alive {
        pc.readLimit = pc.maxHeaderResponseSize()
        // 獲取 roundTrip 發(fā)送的結(jié)構(gòu)體
        rc := <-pc.reqch
        trace := httptrace.ContextClientTrace(rc.req.Context())

        var resp *Response
        if err == nil {
            // 讀取數(shù)據(jù)
            resp, err = pc.readResponse(rc, trace)
        } else {
            err = transportReadFromServerError{err}
            closeErr = err
        }

        ...  
        // 將響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)寫回到管道中
        select {
        case rc.ch <- responseAndError{res: resp}:
        case <-rc.callerGone:
            return
        }
        ...
    }
}

func HelloHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello World")
}
func main () {
    http.HandleFunc("/", HelloHandler)
    http.ListenAndServe(":8000", nil)
}

func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) {
    mux.mu.Lock()
    defer mux.mu.Unlock()
    ...
    e := muxEntry{h: handler, pattern: pattern}
    mux.m[pattern] = e
    if pattern[len(pattern)-1] == '/' {
        mux.es = appendSorted(mux.es, e)
    }

    if pattern[0] != '/' {
        mux.hosts = true
    }
}

func (srv *Server) ListenAndServe() error {
    if srv.shuttingDown() {
        return ErrServerClosed
    }
    addr := srv.Addr
    if addr == "" {
        addr = ":http"
    }
    // 監(jiān)聽端口
    ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    // 循環(huán)接收監(jiān)聽到的網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求
    return srv.Serve(ln)
}

func (srv *Server) Serve(l net.Listener) error { 
    ...
    baseCtx := context.Background()  
    ctx := context.WithValue(baseCtx, ServerContextKey, srv)
    for {
        // 接收 listener 過來的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接
        rw, err := l.Accept()
        ... 
        tempDelay = 0
        c := srv.newConn(rw)
        c.setState(c.rwc, StateNew) 
        // 創(chuàng)建協(xié)程處理連接
        go c.serve(connCtx)
    }
}

func (c *conn) serve(ctx context.Context) {
    c.remoteAddr = c.rwc.RemoteAddr().String()
    ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, LocalAddrContextKey, c.rwc.LocalAddr()) 
    ... 
    ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
    c.cancelCtx = cancelCtx
    defer cancelCtx() 
    c.r = &connReader{conn: c}
    c.bufr = newBufioReader(c.r)
    c.bufw = newBufioWriterSize(checkConnErrorWriter{c}, 4<<10)  
    for {
        // 讀取請(qǐng)求
        w, err := c.readRequest(ctx) 
        ... 
        // 根據(jù)請(qǐng)求路由調(diào)用處理器處理請(qǐng)求
        serverHandler{c.server}.ServeHTTP(w, w.req)
        w.cancelCtx()
        if c.hijacked() {
            return
        }
        w.finishRequest() 
        ...
    }
}

type serverHandler struct {
   srv *Server
}

func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
    handler := sh.srv.Handler
    if handler == nil {
        handler = DefaultServeMux
    }
    if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
        handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
    }
    handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}

func (mux *ServeMux) match(path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
    v, ok := mux.m[path]
    if ok {
        return v.h, v.pattern
    }

    for _, e := range mux.es {
        if strings.HasPrefix(path, e.pattern) {
            return e.h, e.pattern
        }
    }
    return nil, ""
}