Django數(shù)據(jù)模型中on_delete使用詳解

更新時(shí)間：2020年11月30日 15:14:14 作者：湯圓兒2019

這篇文章主要介紹了Django數(shù)據(jù)模型中on_delete使用詳解，文中通過(guò)示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì)，對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)或者工作具有一定的參考學(xué)習(xí)價(jià)值，需要的朋友們下面隨著小編來(lái)一起學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧

on_delete屬性針對(duì)外鍵ForeignKey

一、django3.0官方文檔介紹：

Many-to-one relationships多對(duì)一關(guān)系

To define a many-to-one relationship, use django.db.models.ForeignKey. You use it just like any other Field type: by including it as a class attribute of your model.

ForeignKey requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.

For example, if a Car model has a Manufacturer – that is, a Manufacturer makes multiple cars but each Car only has one Manufacturer – use the following definitions:

from django.db import models

class Manufacturer(models.Model):
  # ...
  pass

class Car(models.Model):
  manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(Manufacturer, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
  # ...

You can also create recursive relationships (an object with a many-to-one relationship to itself) and relationships to models not yet defined; see the model field reference for details.

It's suggested, but not required, that the name of a ForeignKey field (manufacturer in the example above) be the name of the model, lowercase. You can, of course, call the field whatever you want.

常見(jiàn)的使用方式(設(shè)置為null)

class ApiList(models.Model):
 desc = models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name="接口描述")
 keyword = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="請(qǐng)求關(guān)鍵字")
 response = models.TextField(verbose_name="響應(yīng)結(jié)果")
 api = models.ForeignKey(Api, blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, verbose_name="所屬接口")
 status = models.IntegerField(default=1, verbose_name="狀態(tài)")
 create_at = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name="創(chuàng)建時(shí)間")
 update_at = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name="更新時(shí)間")

一對(duì)多(ForeignKey)

class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
  def __init__(self, to, on_delete, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
         limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, to_field=None,
         db_constraint=True, **kwargs):
    super().__init__(to, on_delete, from_fields=['self'], to_fields=[to_field], **kwargs)

一對(duì)一(OneToOneField)

class OneToOneField(ForeignKey):
  def __init__(self, to, on_delete, to_field=None, **kwargs):
    kwargs['unique'] = True
    super().__init__(to, on_delete, to_field=to_field, **kwargs)

on_delete=None,        # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)表中的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),當(dāng)前表與其關(guān)聯(lián)的field的行為
on_delete=models.CASCADE,   # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù),與之關(guān)聯(lián)也刪除
on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù),什么也不做
on_delete=models.PROTECT,   # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù),引發(fā)錯(cuò)誤ProtectedError
# models.ForeignKey('關(guān)聯(lián)表', on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
on_delete=models.SET_NULL,  # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù),與之關(guān)聯(lián)的值設(shè)置為null（前提FK字段需要設(shè)置為可空,一對(duì)一同理）
# models.ForeignKey('關(guān)聯(lián)表', on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT, default='默認(rèn)值')
on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT, # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù),與之關(guān)聯(lián)的值設(shè)置為默認(rèn)值（前提FK字段需要設(shè)置默認(rèn)值,一對(duì)一同理）
on_delete=models.SET,     # 刪除關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù),
 a. 與之關(guān)聯(lián)的值設(shè)置為指定值,設(shè)置：models.SET(值)
 b. 與之關(guān)聯(lián)的值設(shè)置為可執(zhí)行對(duì)象的返回值,設(shè)置：models.SET(可執(zhí)行對(duì)象)

多對(duì)多(ManyToManyField)

class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
  def __init__(self, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
         limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=None, through=None,
         through_fields=None, db_constraint=True, db_table=None,
         swappable=True, **kwargs):
    super().__init__(**kwargs)

二、on_delete外鍵刪除方式

CASCADE：級(jí)聯(lián)刪除。當(dāng)Manufacturer對(duì)象刪除時(shí)，它對(duì)應(yīng)的Car對(duì)象也會(huì)刪除。
PROTECT：保護(hù)模式，采用該選項(xiàng)，刪除時(shí)會(huì)拋出ProtectedError錯(cuò)誤。
SET_NULL：置空模式，刪除的時(shí)候，外鍵字段被設(shè)置為空，前提就是blank=True, null=True,定義該字段的時(shí)候，允許為空。當(dāng)Manufacturer對(duì)象刪除時(shí)，它對(duì)應(yīng)的Car對(duì)象的manufacturer字段會(huì)置空，前提是null=True
SET_DEFAULT：置默認(rèn)值，刪除的時(shí)候，外鍵字段設(shè)置為默認(rèn)值，所以定義外鍵的時(shí)候注意加上一個(gè)默認(rèn)值。
SET()：自定義一個(gè)值，該值當(dāng)然只能是對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)體了

django3.0關(guān)于models官方文檔地址：
1.https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/db/models/
2.https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.ForeignKey

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