class Bar(object):
  def __del__(self):
    print("被回收了！ ～")


a = Bar()

a.__del__() # 主動(dòng)調(diào)用是沒(méi)用的，因?yàn)橐糜?jì)數(shù)不為零，并不會(huì)回收資源 gc
print("已經(jīng)刪除a了")
print(a)

del a
# print(a)

class Bar(object):
  __slots__ = ('name', 'gender')

  def __init__(self, name='monkey'):
    self.name = name
    self.gender = 'male'


a = Bar()
a.age = 18  # 動(dòng)態(tài)添加屬性是會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)的。
print(a.name)

class Bar(object):

  def __str__(self):
    return "Bar"


a = Bar()
print(a) # Bar

class Bar(object):
  name = 'monkey'


a = Bar()
print(a.__class__.name)  # 允許通過(guò)實(shí)例化對(duì)象訪(fǎng)問(wèn)類(lèi)

class Bar(object):
  """
  A simple show class!
  """
  name = 'monkey'

  def get_name(self):
    """
    get class argument name
    """
    return self.__class__.name


a = Bar()
print(a.__class__.__doc__)
print(a.__class__.get_name.__doc__)

#  A simple show class!
#  
#
#    get class argument name

class Lady(object):
  """ """

class Small(object):
  """ """

class SmallLady(Small, Lady):
  """"""


print(Lady.__base__)  # <class 'object'>
print(SmallLady.__bases__)  # (<class '__main__.Small'>, <class '__main__.Lady'>)

class ListMeta(type):
  def __call__(self, data, *args, **kwargs):  # 使得self 也就是實(shí)例化出的類(lèi) 是可調(diào)用的 List() 這里的self指的是 將要 實(shí)例化出來(lái)的類(lèi) 本身
    self.__init__(self,data)
    return self

  def __str__(self):
    result = self.clean_data(self) # 是 List 可以返回期望的列表格式 將對(duì)象轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)人友好的字符串
    result = '[{}]'.format(result[:-1])
    return result

  def __repr__(self):
    return 'List({})'.format(self.__str__())  # 轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)解釋器友好的字符串

  def __iter__(self):		# 返回實(shí)現(xiàn)了迭代器協(xié)議的對(duì)象
    return self # 它本身實(shí)現(xiàn)了 __next__

  def __next__(self):		# 實(shí)現(xiàn)迭代器協(xié)議，每次返回下一個(gè)值 或 一個(gè)迭代異常終止迭代
    if self.index >= len(self.data):  
      raise StopIteration
    else:
      value = self.data[self.index]
      self.index += 1
      return value

  def __len__(self):  # 返回對(duì)象的長(zhǎng)度，len()函數(shù)會(huì)執(zhí)行對(duì)象的 __len__方法
    return self.len


class List(metaclass=ListMeta):

  def __init__(self, data):
    self.data = data
    self.index = 0
    self.len = len(self.data)
    

l = List([1,2,3,4,5,6,7])

print(l)
print(len(l))

for i in l:
  print(i)

class Storage(object):

  def __init__(self, name):
    self.name = name  # 調(diào)用__setattr__方法

  def __getattribute__(self, item):  # 每個(gè)屬性訪(fǎng)問(wèn)前都先調(diào)用該方法
    print('getattribute: %s' % item)
    ret = True
    if item == 'error':
      raise AttributeError(r'Error ~ "error"')  # 報(bào)錯(cuò)了依然執(zhí)行～ 
    else:
      ret = object.__getattribute__(self, item)
    return ret

  def __getattr__(self, item):
    print('getattr: %s' % item)
    try:
      return self.__dict__[item]
    except (IndexError, KeyError)as e:
      print('No attribute %s ' % e)
    return '%s is error' % item

  def __setattr__(self, key, value):
    print('setattr: %s ' % key)
    self.__dict__.update({key:value})


file = Storage('file')
name = file.error  # 調(diào)用 __getattr__ 方法
# setattr: name 
# getattribute: __dict__
# getattribute: error
# getattr: error
# getattribute: __dict__
# No attribute 'error'