__import__() 函數(shù)用于動(dòng)態(tài)加載類(lèi)和函數(shù) 。

如果一個(gè)模塊經(jīng)常變化就可以使用 __import__() 來(lái)動(dòng)態(tài)載入。

語(yǔ)法

__import__ 語(yǔ)法：

__import__(name[, globals[, locals[, fromlist[, level]]]])

參數(shù)說(shuō)明：

name -- 模塊名

英文文檔：

__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)

This function is invoked by the import statement. It can be replaced (by importing the builtins module and assigning to builtins.__import__) in order to change semantics of the import statement, but doing so is strongly discouraged as it is usually simpler to use import hooks (see PEP 302) to attain the same goals and does not cause issues with code which assumes the default import implementation is in use. Direct use of __import__() is also discouraged in favor of importlib.import_module().

The function imports the module name, potentially using the given globals and locals to determine how to interpret the name in a package context. The fromlist gives the names of objects or submodules that should be imported from the module given by name. The standard implementation does not use its locals argument at all, and uses its globals only to determine the package context of the import statement.

level specifies whether to use absolute or relative imports. 0 (the default) means only perform absolute imports. Positive values for level indicate the number of parent directories to search relative to the directory of the module calling __import__() (see PEP 328 for the details).

When the name variable is of the form package.module, normally, the top-level package (the name up till the first dot) is returned, not the module named by name. However, when a non-empty fromlist argument is given, the module named by name is returned.

說(shuō)明：

　　1. 函數(shù)功能用于動(dòng)態(tài)的導(dǎo)入模塊，主要用于反射或者延遲加載模塊。

　　2. __import__(module)相當(dāng)于import module

先定義兩個(gè)模塊mian.py和index.py，兩個(gè)文件在同一目錄下：

#index.py
print ('index')

def sayHello():
  print('hello index')

def sayHelloZhCn():
  print('你好 index')

#mian.py
print ('main')

index = __import__('index')
dir(index)
index.sayHello()
index.sayHelloZhCn()

執(zhí)行main.py，可以證實(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)加載了index.py，__import__返回的模塊也是index模塊

C:\Users\Admin\Documents\Python3\importtest>python main.py
main
index
hello index
你好 index

3. __import__(package.module)相當(dāng)于from package import name，如果fromlist不傳入值，則返回package對(duì)應(yīng)的模塊，如果fromlist傳入值，則返回package.module對(duì)應(yīng)的模塊。

先定義archives包，其中包含user和role兩個(gè)模塊：

#__index__.py
print ('archives.__index__')

def sayHello():
  print('hello archives')

#user.py
print ('user')

def sayHello():
  print('hello user')

#role.py
print ('role')

def sayHello():
  print('hello role')

結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

修改mian.py：

#main.py
print ('main')

archives = __import__('archives')
archives.sayHello()
archives.user

執(zhí)行main.py，可以證實(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)加載了archives包，__import__返回的模塊也是archives模塊

C:\Users\Admin\Documents\Python3\importtest>python main.py
main
archives.__index__
hello archives
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 5, in <module>
    archives.user
AttributeError: module 'archives' has no attribute 'user'

修改mian.py：

#main.py
print ('main')

archives = __import__('archives.user')
archives.sayHello()
print(archives.user)

執(zhí)行main.py，可以證實(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)加載了archives包的user模塊，__import__返回的模塊也是archives模塊

C:\Users\Admin\Documents\Python3\importtest>python main.py
main
archives.__index__
user
hello archives
<module 'archives.user' from 'C:\\Users\\Admin\\Documents\\Python3\\import
test\\archives\\user.py'>

修改mian.py：

#main.py
print ('main')

archives = __import__('archives.user',fromlist = ('user',))
archives.sayHello()
print(archives)

執(zhí)行main.py，可以證實(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)加載了archives包的user模塊，__import__返回的模塊是user模塊

C:\Users\Admin\Documents\Python3\importtest>python main.py
main
archives.__index__
user
hello user
<module 'archives.user' from 'C:\\Users\\Admin\\Documents\\Python3\\import
test\\archives\\user.py'>

4. level參數(shù)，指定是使用絕對(duì)導(dǎo)入還是相對(duì)導(dǎo)入。 0(默認(rèn)值)表示只執(zhí)行絕對(duì)導(dǎo)入。

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